%% File: gentl-gr.tex %% %% M. Doob's "Gentle Introduction to TeX" (Updated 01/04/90) %% translated into Modern Greek by Dimitrios Filippou (including %% an extra chapter on typesetting Greek texts by TeX). %% %% Version: 1.000 (11 jan 2001) %% %% A NOTE TO THE CODE READER %% %% Thanks for your interest in the Modern Greek translation of Michael %% Doob's "A Gentle Introduction to TeX". Any comments on this manual %% would be appreciated. These may be typesetting, Greek, English or TeX %% criticisms. %% %% This file is a complete TeX input file, but, in order to run it %% smoothly, you will need to have the KD* Greek fonts (that is %% Dryllerakis' GreeKTeX fonts version 3.1, or, better, version 4.0a) %% installed on your system. If you don't have these fonts, you may get %% them by ftp from any CTAN site or from "laotzu.doc.ic.ac.uk". In %% case you have KD* fonts on your system, just run this file through TeX %% and print out the resulting "DVI" file. Note that you don't need %% to load any special Greek TeX format (*.fmt) file. %% %% If you are familiar with TeX, the macros at the top of the file have %% a few switches which you may want to set. If you have problems or %% can't run TeX at all, you may try to print the PostScript(TM) file that %% comes with it. In the worst case, you may write to Michael Doob and %% he'll send you a hard copy of his original English text (sorry, the %% translator cannot offer such a service!). You can also get a bound copy %% of the English original from the TeX Users Group (e-mail: tug@tug.org). %% %% Please, note that this translation is copyrighted by the translator. The %% complete copyright statement says: %% %% "The present document is distributed by the author and the translator %% in the hope that it will be useful to the reader. However, the author %% and the translator are not prepared to provide further information at %% this time, and do not accept any liability for the use of this %% document for any purpose. No part of the present document may be %% reproduced in any form for commercial or any other profit-driven %% use. Limited reproduction and distribution is permitted only for %% purely educational purposes. Also, the TeX Users Group (TUG) or any %% TeX Local User Group (LUG) can distribute these files in a commercial %% fashion, provided that profits go to TUG or to the respective LUGs." %% %% The above statement should not be violated! %% %% Author: Michael Doob %% Department of Mathematics %% The University of Manitoba %% Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 %% Canada %% mdoob@uofmcc (bitnet) %% mdoob@ccu.umanitoba.ca (internet) %% %% Translator: Dimitrios Filippou %% Kato Gatzea %% GR-385 00 Volos %% Greece %% dfilipp@danaos.ntua.gr (internet) %% %% %% CHARACTER LISTING %% %% Here is a character listing to check to be sure that no %% unwanted translations took place within the bowels of the net. %% %% Upper case letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ %% Lower case letters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz %% round parentheses, square brackets, curly braces: () [] {} %% Exclaim, at, sharp, dollar, percent: ! @ # $ % %% Caret, ampersand, star, underscore, hyphen: ^ & * _ - %% vertical bar, backslash, tilde, backprime, plus: | \ ~ ` + %% plus, equal, prime, quote, colon: + = ' " : %% less than, greater than, slash, question, comma: < > / ? , %% period, semicolon: . ; %% %% HISTORY %% %% Translation started: Jan. 1994 %% First draft completed: Mar. 1997 (ver. 0.9) %% First public release (Internet): May 8, 1997 (ver. 0.992) %% %% Revisions: %% %% May 8, 1997 (ver. 0.993, not released): A few typos only. %% June 1, 1997 (ver. 0.994, released): Lots of typos corrected. %% Corrected the doubleside output macros. %% July 29, 1997 (ver. 0.995, not released): A few more typos. %% Feb 04, 1998 (ver. 0.996, released): Lots of typos corrected. %% Added a note on Greek stigma numeral. %% Feb. 05, 1998 (ver. 0.997, released): A few typos. %% July 27, 1998 (ver. 0.998, released): A few typos. %% Jan. 27, 1999 (ver. 0.999, released): Added info. about %% Syropoulos' Greek book on LaTeX. %% Mar. 20, 2001 (ver. 1.000, released): Final version. The next %% version is a printed book! %% Now here comes the code with the macros used in the manual. If you are %% already familiar with TeX, you may want to fiddle with them. In %% particular, the hooks are left to generate a new control word index and %% table of contents if you change section 1.2, or section 10. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Version/Edition no. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \def\version{1,000} \def\grversiondate{20`h Mart'iou 2001} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% Here are the fonts other than the sixteen defined in %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% plain.tex that are used. Note that only "cmr" fonts %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% are used for latin-alphabet texts (DF) %%%%%%%% \font\brm=cmr10 scaled \magstep1 \font\halfrm=cmr10 scaled \magstephalf \font\eightrm=cmr8 \font\eightit=cmti8 \font\bbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep2 \font\bbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep3 \font\bbbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep4 \font\bbbbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep5 \font\sf=cmss10 \font\lchapfont=cmbx10 scaled \magstep2 % lchapfont = latin "chapter" font \font\lsecfont=cmbx10 scaled \magstep1 % lsecfont = latin "section" font \font\sc=cmcsc10 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% Here are the Greek fonts added by DF %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \font\tengr=kdgr10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt regular greek \font\ninegr=kdgr9 scaled \magstep0 % 9 pt .... \font\eightgr=kdgr8 scaled \magstep0 % 8 pt .... \font\tengb=kdbf10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt reg. greek bold \font\ninegb=kdbf9 scaled \magstep0 % 9 pt .... \font\eightgb=kdbf8 scaled \magstep0 % 8 pt .... \font\chapfont=kdbf10 scaled \magstep2 % 14.4 pt .... ("chapfont") \font\secfont=kdbf10 scaled \magstep1 % 12 pt .... ("secfont") \font\tengs=kdsl10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt reg. greek slanted \font\tengi=kdti10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt greek "pseudo-italics" \font\tengt=kdtt10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt greek typewritter %%% and here are some oblivious characters \def\digamma{\char'020} %%%%% digamma (or former 6) %%%% \def\stigma{\char'143} %%%%% stigma (or latter 6) %%%%% \def\Koppa{\char'022} %%%%% capital Qoppa (or 90) %%%% \def\koppa{\char'023} %%%%% small qoppa (or 90) %%%%%% \def\varkoppa{\char'021} %%%%% a small qoppa variant %%%% %%% which has been mistakenly %%% identified by KD as \stigma \def\sampi{\char'024} %%%%% sampi (or 900) %%%%%%%%%%% \def\numbertick{\char'003} %%%%% upper tick for ordinal Greek numbers \def\pretick{\char'004} %%%%% lower tick for Greek thousands %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% document dimensions, etc. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%% \vbadness=10000 %%%%%% I don't want to hear about underfull vboxes \raggedbottom %%%%%% delete this line for aligned page bottoms \hsize=5.5 in \vsize=7.0 in \voffset=.75 in \hoffset=.5 in \parskip=\baselineskip \widowpenalty=1000 \clubpenalty=1000 %%% I hate widows and orphans! %%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Shall we print double-side or single-side? %%%%%%%%%% \newif \ifdoubleside \doublesidefalse % use this line if you want to print single-side %\doublesidetrue % use this line if you want to print double-side % (you may have to do some fiddling with your printer % driver so as to align both sides). \newdimen\paperwidth % true paperwidth (set below) \newdimen\oddleftmargin % true left margin of an odd page (set below) \newdimen\oddrightmargin % true right margin of an odd page (set below) \newdimen\evensideshift % even-numbered pages shift to the left (set below) \newif\iflettersize \lettersizetrue %%% to print on A4 paper, comment out this line %%% \lettersizefalse %%% and uncomment this. \iflettersize\paperwidth=8,5 true in % set paperwidth \else\paperwidth=210 true mm\fi \oddleftmargin=1 true in % set oddleftmargin \advance\oddleftmargin by \hoffset \oddrightmargin=\paperwidth % set oddrightmargin \advance\oddrightmargin by -\hsize \advance\oddrightmargin by -\oddleftmargin \evensideshift=\oddrightmargin % set evensideshift \advance\evensideshift by -\oddleftmargin \def\newplainoutput{% \ifodd\pageno% \shipout\vbox{% \makeheadline\pagebody\makefootline}% \advancepageno \ifnum\outputpenalty>-2000 \else\dosupereject \fi% \else \shipout\hbox{\hglue\evensideshift\vbox{% \makeheadline\pagebody\makefootline}}% \advancepageno \ifnum\outputpenalty>-2000 \else\dosupereject \fi% \fi } \ifdoubleside\output{\newplainoutput} \else\output{\plainoutput} \fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% choosing between Canadian (British) and American spellings %%%%% \newif \ifcanspell \canspelltrue %%%% Canadian spelling % \canspellfalse %%%% use this line for American spelling \def\centimetre{\ifcanspell centimetre\else centimeter\fi} \let\centimeter=\centimetre \def\centre{\ifcanspell centre\else center\fi} \let\center=\centre \def\centred{\ifcanspell centred\else centered\fi} \let\centered=\centred %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% headline routines %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% changed by DF to Greek ones %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \def\gentleheadline{% \vbox {\hrule% \line {\strut \vrule \quad \tengr E>isagwg`h st`o {\tenrm \TeX } ( 0 Kef.\ \the\secnum: \fi \sectiontitle \quad \vrule}% \hrule}% } %%%%%%%%%%%% we don't want any headlines on title pages %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newif \iftitlepage \titlepagetrue \headline= {\iftitlepage \hfil \global\titlepagefalse \else \gentleheadline \fi} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% define contents and index files %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% Normally the contents and index are hard coded into the input file. %%% %% To generate new ones, use \writingcontentstrue and \writingindextrue. %% \newif \ifwritingcontents \newif \ifwritingindex \newwrite\contents \newwrite\index \writingcontentsfalse \writingindexfalse %%%\writingcontentstrue %%% use this line to make the contents %%%\writingindextrue %%% use this line to make the index \ifwritingcontents \openout\contents=contents.tex \fi \ifwritingindex \openout\index=index.tex \def\toindex#1{\immediate\write\index{#1 \the\pageno}} \else \def\toindex#1{} \fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% determine whether answers are printed %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newif \ifwritinganswers %%%\writinganswersfalse %%% use this line to suppress answer section \writinganswerstrue %%% use this line to include answer section %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% footnote macro with counter %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newcount\footnotenum \footnotenum=0 \def\fnote#1{\advance \footnotenum by 1% \footnote{$^{\the\footnotenum}$}{#1}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% exercise, section, and subsection macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newcount\exno %%%%%% counter for exercises %%%%%%%% \newcount\secnum \secnum=0 %%%% counter for section numbers %%%% \newcount\subsecnum \def\section#1{ \vfill\eject %%%%% new section starts on a new page %%%\ifodd\pageno \else\ \vfill\eject \fi %start on an odd page \advance\secnum by 1 \subsecnum=0 \exno=0 \ifnum \secnum = 1 \pageno=1 \fi \ifnum \secnum > 0 \leftline{\chapfont Kef'alaio \the\secnum} \vskip 3pt \fi \leftline{\chapfont #1} \def\sectiontitle{#1} \vskip\baselineskip \hrule \vskip 1cm \ifwritingcontents \write\contents{\string\line\string{#1 \string\dotfill{} \ifnum \pageno < 0 \romannumeral-\pageno \else \the\pageno \fi \string}}\fi \titlepagetrue} \def\subsection#1{\advance\subsecnum by 1 \vskip 30pt \leftline{\secfont \the\secnum .\the\subsecnum\ #1} \nobreak \ifwritingcontents \write\contents{\string\line\string{\string\qquad{}#1 \string\dotfill{} \the\pageno\string}}\fi } \def\exercise{\global\advance \exno by 1 \vskip\baselineskip \noindent $\triangleright$ {\tengb >'Askhsh \the\secnum.\the\exno}\quad } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% Definitions of control sequences for characters in the typewriter font %% %%%% for short phrases this is easier than using a literal construction. %%% \def\\{\char92{}} %%%%% backslash %%%%% \def\_{\char'137{}} %%%%% underscore %%%%% \def\lb{\char'173{}} %%%%% left brace %%%%% \def\rb{\char'175{}} %%%%% right brace %%%%% \def\sp{\char32{}} %%%%% special space symbol %%%%% \def\underscore{\leavevmode \kern .06em \vbox {\hrule width.3em}} \def\beginliteral{ \vskip\baselineskip \begingroup \tt \obeylines %{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ } \catcode`\@=0 \parskip=0pt\parindent=0pt \catcode`\$=12\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\^=12\catcode`\#=12 \catcode`\_=12\catcode`\~=12 \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf} \catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\%=12\catcode`\\=12 } \def\endliteral{\endgroup} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% inhibit hyphenation of typewriter text %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \hyphenchar\tentt=-1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% grouping to make input listing in typewriter type %%%%%%%%%%% \def\beginuser{\vskip\parskip \everypar={\nobreak} \begingroup \tt \obeylines \parskip=0pt \parindent=0pt} \def\enduser{\endgroup} %%%%%%%%%%% macro to construct tables (easily) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% parameters: title goes between brackets, rest of the %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% paragraph is the table %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \def\maketable[#1]#2\par{ \setbox1=\vbox{#2} \vskip\baselineskip \centerline{ \vbox{ \hbox to \wd1{\secfont \hss #1 \hss} \vskip 12pt \box1 } }\par } %%%%%%%%%%% end of macro to construct tables %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% macro to put a box around the text %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \def\makebox#1#2#3% vsize, hsize, inserted text {\hbox{\vrule \vbox to #1{\hrule \vss \hbox to #2{\hss#3\hss}\vss \hrule}\vrule}} \def\displaytext#1{$$\hbox{#1}$$} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LaTeX etc. logos %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} \def\AMSTeX{{$\cal A$}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox {$\cal M$}\kern-.125em{$\cal S$}-\TeX} \def\greektex{{\sc GreeK}{\rm \TeX}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% macro to put TeX references in right margin %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% (doesn't work very well with double-side printing) %%%%%%%%% \newdimen\theight \def\TeXref#1{% \vadjust{% \setbox0=\vbox{\setbox1=\hbox{\sevenrm\qquad\TeX book:\qquad}% \setbox2=\hbox to \wd1{% \sevenrm\null\hfil #1\hfil\null}% \box1\vskip -.5ex\box2}% \theight=\ht0 \advance\theight by \dp0 \advance\theight by \lineskip \kern -\theight \vbox to \theight{\rightline{\rlap{\box0}}% \vss}}% }% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% macro to write the date out the date and time %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% TeXbook p. 406 for date %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% Changed to Greek date (DF) %%%%%%%%%%%% \def\grtoday{\number\day% \ifnum\day=20 `h\else\ifnum\day=30 `h\else h\fi\fi %%% 20th, 30th take %%% an accent \space \ifcase\month\or >Ianouar'iou\or Febrouar'iou\or Mart'iou\or >April'iou\or Ma"'iou\or >Ioun'iou\or >Ioul'iou\or A>ugo'ustou\or Septembr'iou\or >Oktwbr'iou\or Noembr'iou\or Dekembr'iou\fi \space \number\year} \newcount\hour \newcount\minute \hour=\time \divide \hour by 60 \minute=\time \loop \ifnum \minute > 59 \advance \minute by -60 \repeat \def\writetime{\ifnum \hour<13 \number\hour:% % supresses leading 0's \ifnum \minute<10 0\fi% % so add it it \number\minute \ifnum \hour < 12 \ p.m. \else \ m.m. \fi % Greek time (DF) \else \advance \hour by -12 \number\hour:% % supresses leading 0's \ifnum \minute<10 0\fi% % add it in \number\minute \ m.m. \fi} % Greek time (DF) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% Macro which puts a date stamp on the last page %%%%%%%%% %%%%% according to the Greek typography traditions (DF) %%%%%%%%% \def\datestamp{% \vfill\eject % Put datestamp on a new page. \null\titlepagetrue\nopagenumbers \ifodd\pageno % If page is odd leave it blank. \else \vfill\eject \fi \titlepagetrue\nopagenumbers % No page numbers and no headline. \hbadness = 10000 % Don't complain for horizontal underfull. \null\vfill % Put datestamp in the page centre. \centerline{\vbox{% % Create a square vbox of 2.0 in width. \noindent\parfillskip 0pt \hsize 2.0 in {\eightgr T O B I B L I O ((M I A E U K O L H E I S A G W G H S T O {\eightrm \TeX})) (E L L H N I K H M E T A F R A S H, E K D O S H \version) E T O I M A S J H K E A P O T O N M E T A F R A S T H M E E P I M E L E I A T O U I D I O U T H N \grversiondate\ K A I S T O I Q E I O J E T H J H K E M E T O {\eightrm \TeX} T H N \grtoday, <'wra \writetime% }% end eightgr }% end vbox }% end centerline $$ \clubsuit $$ % we add a bit of decoration \vfill\null } % end Greek datestamp %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% Here we do some fiddling to get around with the %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% circumflex accent in Greek text! %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \catcode`\~=12 % we de-activate the ~ \def\NB{\penalty10000\ } % and we use \NB as an unbreakable tie %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% NOW WE START WITH THE TEXT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% Cover pages %%%%%%% {\nopagenumbers %%% The front cover %%%%%%%%% \def\coverpage{% \titlepagetrue \topinsert \vskip 6 cm \endinsert \centerline{\chapfont M'ia e>'ukolh e>isagwg`h st`o {\lchapfont \TeX}} \vskip 15 pt \centerline{\secfont >egqeir'idio a>utodidaskal'iac} \vskip 2cm \leftline{\rm Michael Doob} \leftline{\rm Department of Mathematics} \leftline{\rm The University of Manitoba} \leftline{\rm Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2} \vskip\baselineskip \leftline{{\tt MDOOB@UOFMCC.BITNET}} \leftline{{\tt mdoob@ccu.umanitoba.ca}} \vskip 1cm \leftline{\tengs Met'afrash ka`i prosarmog`h st`hn neoellhnik`h gl'wssa:} \vskip .5\baselineskip \leftline{\tengr Dhm'htrioc >A. Fil'ippou} \leftline{\tengr K'atw Gatz'ea} \leftline{\rm GR-385 00 \tengr B'oloc} \vfill\eject } % end definition of coverpage \coverpage % Now we put the coverpage %%% Back front cover (or blank page) %%%%%%% \titlepagetrue \null\vfill\eject %%% Small title page %%%%%%% \titlepagetrue \null\vfil \centerline{\secfont MIA EUKOLH EISAGWGH STO {\lsecfont \TeX}} \vfil\vfil \null\eject %%% Edition and copyright page %%%%%% \titlepagetrue \newdimen\squaredimen \def\square#1{\setbox0=\hbox{\rm #1}% \dp0=.4ex \squaredimen=\ht0 \ifdim \wd0 > \ht0 \squaredimen=\wd0\fi \advance \squaredimen by \dp0 \ht0=\squaredimen \advance \squaredimen by \dp0 \leavevmode \lower .4ex \vbox{% \hsize=\squaredimen \hrule \hbox to \squaredimen{\vrule\hfil\box0\hfil\vrule}% \hrule height .4pt depth 0pt}} \noindent \tengr T`o prwt'otupo >agglik`o >egqeir'idio kuklof'orhse st`o {\rm Internet} t`o 1990 ka`i >apot'elese t`hn b'ash to~u bibl'iou:\ {\rm Michael Doob}, {\sl \TeX: Starting from \square1} (1993), po`u ku\-klo\-fore~i >ap`o t`on >ekdotik`o o>~iko {\rm Springer--Verlag (ISBN 3-540-56441-1} >`h 0-387-56441-1). ap`o t`ic >Ekd'oseic Para\-th\-rh\-t`hc t~hc Jessalon'ikhc ({\rm ISBN 960-374-081-0}). \vfill \item{{\rm\copyright}} Gi`a t`o prwt'otupo ke'imeno: {\rm Michael Doob}, 1990. {\parskip=0pt\item{} Gi`a t`hn A. Fil'ippou, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001. } {\rm\item{\copyright} For the original text in English: Michael Doob, 1990. \parskip=0pt\item{} For the translation in Modern Greek: Dimitrios Filippou, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001. } \noindent {\tengs T`o par`on >'entupo diat'ijetai >ap`o t`on suggraf'ea ka`i t`on metafrast'h tou m`e t`hn >elp'ida <'oti j`a fane~i qr'hsimo st`on >anagn'wsth. 'ute >apod'eqontai e>uj'unec gi`a <'opoiec sun'epeiec mpore~i n`a >'eqei ent'upou. anaparagwg`h to~u pa\-r'ontoc >ent'upou, >`h m'erouc a>uto~u, s`e emporik`h >`h >'allh kerdoskopik`h qr'h\-sh >apagore'uetai. >Epitr'epetai anaparagwg`h ka`i dianom'h tou m'onon gi`a kajar`a >ekpaideutiko`uc skopo'uc. >Ep'ishc, 'eqoun t`o dika'iwma n`a >anapar'agoun arqe~ia gi`a >emporik`o skop'o, >ef'' <'oson m'eroc to~u k'erdouc diat'ijetai gi`a to`uc skopo`uc to~u {\sl TUG} >`h t~wn >antisto'iqwn {\sl LUG}. } \noindent {\sl The present document is distributed by the author and the translator in the hope that it will be useful to the reader. However, the author and the translator are not prepared to provide further information at this time, and do not accept any liability for the use of this document for any purpose. No part of the present document may be reproduced in any form for commercial or any other profit-driven use. Limited reproduction and distribution is permitted for purely educational purposes. Also, the \TeX{} Users Group (TUG) or any non-profit \TeX{} Local User Group (LUG) can distribute this document and the related files in a commercial fashion, provided that profits go to TUG or to the respective LUGs.} \eject %%% Titles again %%%%%%%% \coverpage %%% Back big titles page (or blank page) %%%%%%% \titlepagetrue \null\vfill\eject %%% End of coverpages %%%%%%% } % end of nopagenumbers \secnum=-3 \pageno=-1 \section{E>isagwg`h} \tengr >`Ac po~ume pr~wta t`a >'asqhma n'ea: t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <'ena meg'alo ka`i polus'unjeto pr'ogram\-ma po`u proqwre~i ((pol`u p'eran to~u kanoniko~u)) st`hn prosp'ajei'a tou n`a par'agei >'omorfa stoiqeio\-je\-thm'ena >'entupa. A>ut`h an'elpista >apotel'esmata. Ka`i t'wra t`a kal`a n'ea: ~inai pol`u e>'ukolo n`a stoi\-qei\-o\-jethjo~un m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. >'Etsi, mpore~i n`a xekin'hsei kane`ic t`hn qr'hsh to~u {\rm \TeX} st`hn stoi\-qei\-ojes'ia sqetik`a ent'upwn ka`i kat'opin, m`e t`hn >ap'okthsh pe'irac, n`a proqwr'hsei st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia pi`o polupl'okwn >ent'upwn. Skop`oc a>uto~u to~u >egqeirid'iou e>~inai n`a e>isag'agei t`on >arq'ario >`h ka`i t`on >entel~wc >an'ideo to~u {\rm \TeX} st`hn qr'hsh a>uto~u to~u progr'ammatoc pern'wntac >ap`o t`ic pi`o ap`o t`o <'ena kef'alaio st`o >'allo, >ese~ic, oana\-gn~wstec to~u >egqeirid'iou j`a de~ite t`ic 'entupa. ak'oma sumboul'ec: S`e k'aje kef'alaio ask'hseic; m'hn >amele~ite n`a t`ic k'anete! ~inai n`a t`o qrhsimopoie~ite. Ka`i >ak'oma kal'utera, peiramatisje~ite m'onoi sac m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}; prospaj~hste n`a epil'usete k'apoiec parallag`ec t~wn >ask'hsewn. M'hn fob'aste, d`en 'idio t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e t`a peir'amat'a sac. Mpore~ite n`a bre~ite t`hn pl'hrh l'ush t~wn perissot'erwn >ask'hsewn r'iqnontac m'ia mati`a st`o >arqe~io {\tt gentle.tex}, dhl.\ st`on k'wdika po`u sunt'aqjhke gi`a t`hn paragwg`h to~u >aggliko~u prwt'otupou egqeirid'iou. >Ep'ishc, j`a parathr'hsete p`wc st`o dex`i perij'wrio to~u >egqeirid'iou anafor`ec s`e sel'idec t~hc ((B'iblou to~u {\rm \TeX})), {\sl The \TeX book}\fnote{{\rm Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1984, ISBN 0-201-13448-9.}}. >E`an qrei'azetai n`a >embaj'unete s`e ak'omh periss'oterec leptom'ereiec, d`en >'eqete par`a n`a >anatr'exete st`ic sugkekrim'enec a>ut`ec sel'idec to~u {\sl \TeX book}\null. Parepipt'ontoc, s`e egqeir'idio, po~u ka`i po~u >eskemm'ena j`a l'eme ka`i >ap`o kan'ena yemat'aki; t`o k'anoume m`e kal`h pr'ojesh ka`i m`e m'ono skop`o n`a >apokr'uyoume pi`o pol'uplokec katast'aseic (>`ac po~ume <'oti t`o k'anoume ((poihtik~h| >ade'ia|)){}). <'Oso ut`a t`a >aj~wa yemat'akia mac. T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai pr'ogramma po`u qarakthr'izetai ~inai E`an t`o pr'ogramma a>ut`o >'ebgaine st`hn >agor`a emporik`o pro"i'on, s'igoura ax'ia tou j`a >'eftane s`e qili'adec dol\-l'aria --- gi`a n`a m`hn mil'hsoume ka`i s`e draqm'ec! organism`oc {\rm \TeX\ Users Group (TUG)} e>~inai a>ut`oc po`u dia\-j'etei >ant'igrafa ka`i n'eec belti'wseic to~u progr'ammatoc {\rm \TeX}\null. >Ep'ishc, organism`oc {\rm TUG} >ekd'idei t`a periodik`a {\sl TUGboat\/} ka`i {\sl \TeX{} and TUG News\/} <'opou dhmosie'uontai plhrofor'iec sqetik`ec m`e n'eec >exel'ixeic t'oso s`e j'emata logismiko~u (progr'ammata, k.lp.)\ <'oso ka`i s`e j'emata 'eqoun >'amesh sq'esh m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T`o n`a g'inei k'apoioc m'eloc to~u {\rm TUG} d`en kost'izei par`a >el'aqista; >e`an >endiaf'ereste, >arke~i n`a gr'ayete <'ena gr'amma st`hn die'ujunsh: {\rm \vskip\baselineskip \centerline{\TeX{} Users Group} \centerline{P.O. Box 869} \centerline{Santa Barbara, CA 93102} \centerline{U.S.A.} \centerline{e-mail: {\tt tug@tug.org}} \centerline{http://{\tt www.tug.org}} } % end roman A>ut`o t`o >egqeir'idio d`en j`a mporo~use n`a de~i t`o f~wc t~hc 'allwn >at'omwn. >Exairetik`a meg'alhc >ax'iac an'a\-gnwsh ka`i oat'omwn: \begingroup \catcode`\~=13 \rm \frenchspacing Waleed A.~Al-Salam (University of Alberta), Debbie L.~Alspaugh (University of California), Nelson H.~F.~Beebe (University of Utah), Barbara Beeton (American Mathematical Society), Bart Childs (Texas A.~\&~M.~University), Mary Coventry (University of Washington), Dimitrios Diamantaras (Temple University), Roberto Dominimanni (Naval Underwater Systems Center), Victor Eijkhout (University of Nijmegen), Moshe Feder (St.~Lawrence University), Josep~M.~Font (Uviversidad Barcelona), Jonas de Miranda Gomes (Instituto de Matematica Pura e Aplicada, Brazil), Rob Gross (Boston College), Klaus Hahn (University of Marburg), Anita Hoover (University of Delaware), J\"urgen Koslowski (Macalester College), Kees van der Laan (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), John Lee (Northrop Corporation), Silvio Levy (Princeton University), Robert Messer (Albion College), Emily H.~Moore (Grinnell College), Young Park (University of Maryland), Craig Platt (University of Manitoba), David Roberts (Colorado), Kauko Saarinen (University of Jyv\"askyl\"a), Jim Wright (Iowa State University) {\tengr ka`i} Dominik Wujastyk (Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine). \endgroup >Epipl'eon, poll`a >'alla >'atoma mo~u >'esteilan merik`a >`h ka`i pl'hrh dik'a touc ((topik`a >egqeir'i\-dia)) to~u {\rm \TeX}\null. Pi`o sugkekrim'ena, o'eqoun gr'ayei shmei'wseic >ep'anw st`o {\rm \TeX} oegqeirid'iou: \begingroup \catcode`\~=13 \rm \frenchspacing Elizabeth Barnhart (TV Guide), Stephan v.~Bechtolsheim (Purdue University), Nelson H.~F.~Beebe (University of Utah) {\tengr ka`i} Leslie Lamport (Digital Equipment Corporation), Marie McPart\-land-Conn {\tengr ka`i} Laurie Mann (Stratus Computer), Robert Messer (Albion College), Noel Peterson (Library of Congress), Craig Platt (University of Manitoba), Alan Spragens (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, {\tengr t'wra m`e t`hn} Apple Computers), Christina Thiele (Carleton University) {\tengr ka`i} Daniel M.~Zirin (California Institute of Technology). \endgroup \vfill\eject \section{E>isagwg`h st`hn isagwg'h, t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <'ena pr'ogramma stoiqeiojes'iac keim'enou (ka`i >'oqi >epexergas'iac) polus'unjeto ka`i >'oqi >idiait'erwc filik`o st`on qr'hsth. A>ut`oc e>~inai <'enac l'ogoc gi`a t`on 'eqei katorj'wsei n`a fj'asei a>ut`h t~wn programm'atwn >epexergas'iac keim'enou <'opwc t`o {\rm Word}, t`o {\rm WordPerfect}, k.lp. <'Enac de'uteroc l'ogoc gi`a t`on ~inai t'oso gnwst`o <'oso t`a progr'ammata >epexergas'iac keim'enou e>~inai kajar`a j'ema {\rm marketing}. T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai dhmio'urghma an\-jr'w\-pou, to~u {\rm Donald Knuth}, 'ebale skop`o t~hc zw~hc tou t`o n`a gem'isei t`o portof'oli tou ka`i gi''\NB a>ut`o >apof'asise n`a t`o diaj'esei dwre`an st`o koin'o (m'esw| to~u dikt'uou {\rm Internet}, k.lp.). St`o >'idio pne~uma prosfor~ac, pollo`i >'alloi sun'ebalan st`hn pro'wjhsh ka`i >ex'elixh to~u {\rm \TeX}\null. >'Etsi s'hmera mil~ame gi`a ((pak'eta)) <'opwc t`o {\rm \LaTeX}, (('a., po`u m~ac diat'ijontai dwre`an m'esw| to~u {\rm Internet} >`h >ant`i mi~ac sumbolik~hc tim~hc >ap`o t`on >organism`o {\rm \TeX\ Users Group}. T`o par`on >egqeir'idio >apotele~i >ep'ishc m'eroc a>ut~hc t~hc prosfor~ac pr`oc t`o koin`o >ap`o t`on {\rm Michael Doob}, ~iqe >ep'ishc t`hn kalws'unh n`a >epitr'eyei t`hn met'afrash to~u >egqeirid'iou st`hn neoellhnik`h gl'wssa. T`o xek'inhma t~hc met'afrashc st`hn neoellhnik`h gl'wssa >'egine pr`oc t`o t'eloc to~u 1993. 'elpize t'ote p`wc m'esa s`e <'ena >'etoc j`a t`hn e>~iqe <'etoimh --- all`a ka`i >'allec trikum'iec proswpik'ec, m`e >apot'elesma 'anoixh to~u 1997. Oanagn~wstec to~u >egqeirid'iou j`a diapist'wsoun --- ka`i >'iswc n`a >apogohteujo~un >ep'ishc --- <'oti t`o periss'otero m'eroc t~hc met'afrashc >asqole~itai m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn >ent'upwn, >`h genik'wtera >ent'upwn po`u sthr'izontai st`o latinik`o >alf'abhto (p.q., gallik'a, >ispanik'a, k.lp.). T`o {\rm \TeX} aggl'ofwnou ka`i sunep~wc, <'enac >arq'arioc st`o {\rm \TeX} j`a bre~i pi`o e>'ukolo n`a k'anei t`ic pr~wtec tou dokim`ec m`e t`o pr'ogramma stoiqeiojet'wntac >ag\-gli\-k`a ke'imena. 'eqei prosteje~i >ap`o t`on metafrast`h <'ena kef'alaio gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia arq`ec to~u {\rm \TeX} ka`i >endiaf'erontai m'onon gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia 'eqoun par`a n`a diab'asoun t`o kef'alaio\NB 10. T'eloc, 'hjele n`a proeidopoi'hsei t`on >anagn'wsth <'oti o>'ute kat'eqei kan'ena ptuq'io plhroforik~hc o>'ute e>~inai >epaggelmat'iac tupogr'afoc. ent'upwn m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. E>~inai pol`u pijan`o k'apoio <'oroi n`a m`hn >'eqoun metafrasje~i >apol'utwc s'umfwna m`e t`o go~usto to~u >anagn'wsth. Gi`a par'adeigma, >ant`i t~hc l'exhc ((>entol'h)), st`hn paro'usa met'afrash >'eqoun qrhsimo\-poihje~i oel'egqou)) ka`i ((s'umbolo >el'eg\-qou)). T`o giat'i qrhsimopoi'hjhkan a>uto`i oall`a ka`i >'alloi par'omoioi --- anagn'wsthc pijan'otata j`a t`o katal'abei kaj`wc oap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a plhja'inoun. >Ak'oma anagn'wsthc >'iswc >anarwthje~i giat'i >'eqei g'inei ap'anthsh e>~inai a>ut`h po`u j`a >'edine exakolouje~i n`a stoiqeiojete~i s`e monotupik`ec mhqan'ec: {\tengs T`o polutonik`o st`hn tupograf'ia >'eqei m'ia >omorfi`a >axep'erasth!} <'Osoi loip`on param'enete >erast`ec to~u palio~u polutoniko~u sust'hmatoc, >agal\-li'a\-sa\-te! <'Osoi t`o >apeqj'aneste, d`en >'eqete par`a st`a dik'a sac >'entupa n`a b'azete <'enan ka`i m'onon <'enan t'ono. St`hn paro~usa met'afrash bo'hjhsan >'amesa >`h >'emmesa tre~ic f'iloi po`u 'hje\-le n`a katanom'a\-sei. Pr'okeitai gi`a t`on Kwst`h I.\NB Druller'akh, po`u >'eqei fti'axei t`o pak'eto \greektex, t`on Gi'annh Qaral'ampouc, t`on dhmiourg`o poll~wn 'allwn grammatoseir~wn to~u {\rm \TeX}, ka`i t`on >Ap'ostolo Sur'opoulo, ut'oc, po`u dhmiourg'hjhke m'olic t`o 1997, prosf'erei pol'utimh bo'hjeia s`e <'osouc j'eloun n`a >asqolhjo~un m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia ent'upwn m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. ~inai: \vskip\baselineskip \centerline{S'ullogoc A. Sur'opoulou)} \centerline{28hc >Oktwbr'iou 366} \centerline{671 00 X'anjh} \centerline{\rm e-mail: {\tt eft@platon.ee.duth.gr}} \centerline{\rm http://{\tt obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft}} \vskip\baselineskip \rightline{--- D.F.} \rightline{M'aioc 1997} \section{Perieq'omena} \line{E>isagwg`h \dotfill{} {\rm i}} \line{E>isagwg`h st`hn ~inai t`o {\rm\TeX} ka`i t'i d`en e>~inai \dotfill{} 1} \line{\qquad{}1.2 >Ap`o t`o >arqe~io {\rm\TeX} st`o >'entupo, el'egqei t`a p'anta \dotfill{} 7} \line{\qquad{}1.5 T'i d`en k'anei t`o {\rm\TeX} \dotfill{} 9} \line{2.\ <'Oloi o~inai pi`o ((sp'esial)) \dotfill{} 10} \line{\qquad{}2.2 Stoiqeiojes'ia tonik~wn shme'iwn \dotfill{} 11} \line{\qquad{}2.3 Tele~iec, pa~ulec, e>isagwgik'a\dots\ \dotfill{} 14} \line{\qquad{}2.4 T'upoi stoiqe'iwn \dotfill{} 16} \line{3.\ ar'adac \dotfill{} 29} \line{\qquad{}3.5 'adeia pla'isia \dotfill{} 32} \line{4.\ $\Bigl\{$S'unola, $\bigl\{$'agqoc! \dotfill{} 39} \line{\qquad{}5.1 Poll`a n'ea s'umbola \dotfill{} 39} \line{\qquad{}5.2 Kl'asmata \dotfill{} 45} \line{\qquad{}5.3 De~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec \dotfill{} 46} \line{\qquad{}5.4 R'izec, tetragwnik`ec ka`i >'allec \dotfill{} 47} \line{\qquad{}5.5 Gramm'ec, p'anw ka`i k'atw \dotfill{} 47} \line{\qquad{}5.6 idik`ec sunart'hseic \dotfill{} 49} \line{\qquad{}5.8 >Ako'usate, >ako'usate! \dotfill{} 50} \line{\qquad{}5.9 Majhmatik`ec parat'axeic \dotfill{} 51} \line{\qquad{}5.10 Diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec >exis'wseic \dotfill{} 54} \line{6.\ Stoiqhje~ite! \dotfill{} 56} \line{\qquad{}6.1 Qrhsimopoi~hste t`o TAB \dotfill{} 56} \line{\qquad{}6.2 'allo >'onoma \dotfill{} 70} \line{8.\ T`a l'ajh e>~inai >anjr'wpina \dotfill{} 71} \line{\qquad{}8.1 T`o xeqasm'eno >ant'io \dotfill{} 71} \line{\qquad{}8.2 `h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou \dotfill{} 71} \line{\qquad{}8.3 Agk'ulec qwr`ic ta'iri \dotfill{} 75} \line{9.\ Sk'abontac l'igo baj'utera \dotfill{} 78} \line{\qquad{}9.1 Meg'ala ka`i mikr`a >arqe~ia \dotfill{} 78} \line{\qquad{}9.2 Megal'utera pak'eta {\rm macro} \dotfill{} 79} \line{\qquad{}9.3 ent`oc plais'iwn \dotfill{} 83} \line{10.\ P'ec mou to ep'ilogoc gi`a >ep'idoxouc stoiqeioj'etec \dotfill{} 101} \line{11.\ Kat'alogoc >akolouji~wn >el'egqou \dotfill{} 103} \ifwritinganswers \line{12.\ D~ws'' mou t`o q'eri sou \dotfill{} 106} \fi \section{T`o xek'inhma} \subsection{T'i e>~inai t`o {\lsecfont \TeX} ka`i t'i d`en e>~inai} >Arqik'a, >`ac do~ume poi'a e>~inai t`a >apara'ithta b'hmata gi`a t`hn paragwg`h ent'upou m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T`o pr~wto b~hma e>~inai n`a arqe~io t`o ut`o sun'hjwc >apokale~itai {\tengs >arqe~io {\sl \TeX}} >`h ka`i {\tengs >arqe~io to~u k'wdika\/} ({\rm source code}), ka`i mporo~ume n`a t`o 'a.) M'alista, >e`an d`en qrhsi\-mopoio~ume k'apoio pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou, >all`a k'apoio pr'ogramma >epexargas'iac keim'enou (p.q., t`o {\rm WordPerfect}, k.>'a.), t'ote >`ac pros'exoume t`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} n`a t`o s'wsoume arqe~io {\rm ASCII} ka`i m'onon, <'wste n`a m`hn peri'eqei k'apoiouc per'iergouc qarakt~hrec, qam'ogela, k.lp., to`uc arqe~io {\rm DVI})) (onomas'ia {\rm DVI} pro'erqetai >ap`o t`on <'oro {\rm DeVice Independent}, po`u st`hn >Ag\-gli\-k`h shma'i\-nei ((anex'arthto mhqan'hmatoc)){}). T`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} e>~inai >ad'unato n`a t`o diab'asei >'an\-jrwpoc; t`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} diab'azetai m'ono >ap`o <'ena >'allo pr'ogramma, t`o >apokalo'umeno {\tengs 'entupo t`o ut`o t`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI}\null? Giat`i t`o >'idio {\rm DVI} mporo~ume n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a do~ume t`o dhmio'urghm'a mac st`hn >oj'onh to~u termatiko~u >`h to~u proswpiko~u mac `h gi`a n`a t`o >ektup'wsoume s`e m'ia mhqan`h fwtos'unjeshc. >E`an t`o >apo\-t'e\-lesma st`hn >oj'onh 'imaste b'e\-baioi p`wc t`o >apo\-t'elesma t~hc ekt'upwshc st`hn mhqan`h fwtos'unjeshc, s`e <'enan >ektupwt`h {\rm laser} >`h s`e 'allo >ektupwtik`o mhq'anhma j`a e>~inai 'eqoume >'hdh fti'axei t`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} d`en qrei'azetai n`a xanatr'exoume t`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX}. Sqhmatik'a, ap`o t`hn s'untaxh to~u k'wdika >'ewc t`hn >ekt'upwsh, >'eqei ex~hc: $$ {{\hbox{s'untaxh\quad} \atop \hbox{k'wdika\quad}} \atop \longrightarrow} \lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% {\vbox{\hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil >arqe~io\hfil} \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil k'wdika\hfil} \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil {\rm \TeX}\hfil}} }% {\hbox{\quad pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX}\quad} \atop \longrightarrow} \lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% {\vbox{\hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil >arqe~io\hfil} \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil {\rm DVI}\hfil}} }% {{\hbox{'entupo\hfil}} % }% $$ A>ut`o shma'inei <'oti d`en mporo~ume n`a do~ume t`o >'entupo st`hn telik'h tou morf`h kaj`wc sunt'assoume t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX} st`o termatik`o >`h st`on proswpik'o mac All`a antamo'ibetai: poll`a >ap`o t`a s'umbola po`u d`en epexergast`ec keim'enou, Ekt`oc >ap`o a>ut'o, ent'upou mac g'inetai m`e >exairetik`h >akr'ibeia ka`i t`a >arqe~ia t~wn kwd'ikwn mac mporo~ume n`a t`a ste'iloume >ap`o t`hn m'ia >'akrh t~hc g~hc st`hn >'allh e>'ite m'esw| 'ite (pol`u pi`o gr'hgora) m'esw| >hlektroniko~u taqudrome'iou. S`e egqeir'idio, j`a >epikentr'wsoume t`hn prosoq'h mac st`hn dhmiourg'ia to~u >arqe'iou (to~u k'wdika) {\rm \TeX} ka`i st`o tr'eximo to~u >'idiou to~u progr'ammatoc {\rm \TeX} gi`a t`hn paragwg`h sugke\-krim'enwn >apotele\-sm'atwn s`e <'ena f'ul\-lo qartio~u. adi'aleipto ({\rm batch}) >`h al\-lhlo\-epidr'on ({\rm interactive}) pr'ogramma. >E`an j'eloume t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a tr'exei m'ono tou adi'aleipto, t'ote d'inoume st`on arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX}; kat'opin t`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} >epexerg'azetai t`o sugkekrim'eno >arqe~io ka`i sta\-ma\-t'a\-ei m'onon <'o\-tan >'eqei te\-lei'w\-sei t`hn >epexergas'ia ka`i >'eqei ar\-qe~io {\rm DVI}\null. <'Otan t`o pr'ogramma tr'eqei al\-lhlo\-epidr`on m`e t`on qr'hsth, epexer\-g'azetai, dhl.\ ut`h n`a >allhloepidr~a m`e t`o pr'ogramma. T`o n`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\rm \TeX} allhloepidr'on, m~ac >epitr'epei t`hn stigmia'ia di'orjwsh to~u keim'enou; st`hn per'iptwsh po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} doule'uei adi'aleipto, t'ote k'anei <'opoiec diorj'wseic jewre~i >apara'ithtec >ap`o m'ono tou ka`i <'oso pi`o kal'utera mpore~i. <'Olec oekd'oseic to~u {\rm \TeX} po`u kukloforo~un gi`a proswpiko`uc ark'etec po`u kukloforo~un gi`a meg'ala allhlo\-epidr'onta progr'am\-mata. ~inai adi'aleipto pr'ogramma. \subsection{>Ap`o t`o >arqe~io {\lsecfont \TeX} st`o >'entupo, ut`h e>~inai egqeirid'iou <'opou g'inetai >anafor`a s`e m'ia sugkekrim'enh >'ekdosh (<'ena pak'eto) {\sl \TeX} ~inai kat'al\-lhlh m'ono gi`a upologist`ec m`e <'ena E`an `h 'ekdosh to~u {\sl \TeX} e>~inai diaforetik'h, t'ote antikatastaje~i >ap`o t`on dik'o sac ((topik`o ~inai t`a >arqik`a proparaskeuastik`a b'hmata po`u pr'epei n`a >akolouj'hsei epituq'ia t`o {\sl \TeX} ka`i to`uc kat'al\-lhlouc `h t`hn >ekt'upwsh to~u >ent'upou tou. \item{$\bullet$} P~wc mpore~i n`a tr'exei k'apoioc t`o {\sl \TeX}. \item{$\bullet$} P~wc diab'azetai t`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}, <'opou katagr'afontai leptom'ereiec <'opwc sf'almata st`on k'wdika, k.>'a. \item{$\bullet$} P~wc mpore~i n`a de~i 'entup'o tou st`hn >oj'onh tou, ka`i p~wc mporei n`a t`o tup'wsei st`on >ektupwt'h. T`o parak'atw ke'imeno >anaf'eretai st`hn qr'hsh `h t`o {\sl OS/2}.% }% end slanted ] }% end parskip = 0 S`e `h {\rm OS/2}. 'eqoume k'anei pr~wta swst`a t`hn >egkat'astash to~u pak'etou {\rm em\TeX} st`on apara'ithtec >allag`ec st`a >arqe~ia {\tt autoexec.bat} ka`i {\tt config.sys}), p`wc >'eqoume st`hn di'ajes'h mac <'ena kat'al\-lhlo pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou {\rm ASCII} (p.q., t`o {\tt edit} tou {\rm MS-DOS}, k'apoia parallag`h to~u {\rm EMACS} gi`a t`o {\rm MS-DOS}, k.>'a.), ka`i <'oti gnwr'izoume p~wc n`a qeirisjo~ume a>ut`o t`o teleuta~io pr'ogramma. >Ef'' <'oson <'ola t`a parap'anw >alhje'uoun, ~inai t`a b'hmata po`u pr'epei n`a >ako\-lou\-jo~ume {\tengb k'aje for`a} po`u j'eloume n`a 'entupo m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} (plh\-ktro\-lo\-go~ume st`on emfan'izetai m`e stoiqe~ia gra\-fo\-mhqa\-n~hc): \item{(1)} Dhmiourgo~ume m`e t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou ({\rm text editor}) t`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX}. \item{(2)} >Apojhke'uoume t`o >arqe~io m`e <'ena egkatale'ipoume t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc. \item{(3)} D'inoume t`o >arqe~io a>ut`o st`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} gi`a >epexergas'ia m`e t`hn >entol'h: \itemitem{} $>$ {\tt tex src} M`e t`hn teleuta'ia >entol'h, xekin~a n`a tr'eqei t`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i di'afora mhn'umata >emfan'izontai suneq~wc st`hn >oj'onh mac. St`o t'eloc, >e`an <'ola p~ane kal'a, >e`an dhl.\ t`o >arqe~io to~u k'wdika d`en peri'eqei sf'almata po`u d`en mpore~i n`a t`a diorj'wsei m'ono tou t`o {\rm \TeX}, j`a l'aboume <'ena m'hnuma s`an t`o parak'atw: \beginuser Output written on src.dvi (3 pages, 1230 bytes) Transcript written on scr.log. \enduser <'Otan l'aboume a>ut`o t`o m'hnuma st`hn >oj'onh mac, t'ote mporo~ume n`a diab'asoume m`e t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou {\rm ASCII} t`o >arqe~io {\tt src.log}. St`o {\tt src.log} >'eqoun katagrafe~i pijan`a sf'almata t`a arqe~io to~u k'wdika, <'opwc >ep'ishc o'eginan, oarqe~io {\tt src.log} e>~inai t`o {\tengs >arqe~io >anafor~ac\/} >`h t`o ((e`an t`o >arqe~io to~u k'wdik'a mac d`en peri'eqei kan'ena sobar`o sf'alma, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a ak'oma >arqe~io m`e t`o >'onoma: {\tt src.dvi}. A>ut`o t`o >arqe~io mporo~ume n`a t`o do~ume st`hn >oj'onh mac. >Arke~i n`a d'wsoume t`hn >entol'h: \itemitem{} $>$ {\tt dviscr @lj.cnf src} Mporo~ume >ak'oma ka`i n`a t`o tup'wsoume m`e t`hn >entol'h: \itemitem{} $>$ {\tt dvihplj @lj.cnf src} Prosoq'h: oentol`ec e>~inai kat'allhlec m'onon st`hn per'iptwsh po`u >'eqoume >ektupwt`h {\rm Hewlett Packard Laser\-Jet} >`h >'allon sumbat`o m`e a>ut`o t`o mont'elo. >E`an d`en >'eqoume a>uto~u to~u e>'idouc >ektupwt~h, t'ote kal`o j`a >~htan n`a sumbouleujo~ume t`o >arqe~io {\tt dvidrv.doc} po`u br'isketai st`on kat'alogo {\tt \\emtex\\doc\\english}. >Eke~i, j`a bro~ume plhrofor'iec gi`a t`o p~wc n`a tup'wsoume t`o >'entup'o mac s`e >'allou e>'idouc >ektupwt'h. \def\bdots{$\textfont0=\tenbf \ldots$} %%% boldface version of \ldots % \subsection{Ka'i\bdots\ f'ugame!} Skop`oc loip`on to~u paiqnidio~u mac e>~inai arqe'iwn (kwd'ikwn) {\rm \TeX} t`a 'entupo st`hn morf`h po`u >eme~ic >epiju\-mo~ume. <'Omwc m`e t'i moi'azei arqe~io k'wdika {\rm \TeX} peri\-'eqei m'ono lati\-niko`uc qara\-kt~h\-rec po`u mporo~ume n`a daktulo\-graf'h\-soume s`e <'ena arijmo'uc, shme~ia st'ixhc ka`i tonik`a shme~ia, m`e l'iga l'ogia <'olouc to`uc sunhjism'enouc qarakt~hrec {\rm ASCII}\null. <'Ena agglik`o ke'imeno daktulografe~itai <'opwc ka`i s`e m'ia gra\-fo\-mh\-qa\-n'h. E>idik`ec >entol`ec d'inontai st`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} m`e meriko`uc {\tengs e>idiko`uc qara\-kt~hrec\/} <'opwc t`o ((karr`e)) {\tt \#} ka`i t`o ((ka`i)) {\tt \&} (<'olouc to`uc e>idiko`uc qara\-kt~hrec j`a to`uc >exet'asoume >analutik'wtera st`a arqe'iou {\rm \TeX}: \beginuser Here is my first \\TeX\\ sentence. \\bye \enduser \toindex{TeX{} } \toindex{ } >Arqik`a bl'epoume <'oti <'oloi o'eqoun grafe~i m`e t`hn gra\-fo\-mh\-qan'h. (S`e <'ola t`a parade'igmata po`u >akoloujo~un s`e eg\-qei\-r'i\-dio, <'o,ti >emfan'izetai m`e stoiqe~ia gra\-fo\-mh\-qa\-n~hc `h st`on proswpik'o mac `ac pros'exoume p`wc antipl'agiac gramm~hc {\tt \\} (st`hn >Agglik'h, >all`a ka`i st`hn >argk`o t~hc plhroforik~hc, ut`oc >onom'azetai {\rm backslash}) >emfan'izetai tre~ic for`ec st`o par'adeigma. S'untoma pr'okeitai n`a do~ume <'oti antipl'agia e>~inai <'enac >ap`o to`uc e>idiko`uc qarakt~hrec po`u pro\-ana\-f'erame. Loip'on, >`ac fti'axoume <'ena >arqe~io {\rm ASCII} po`u n`a peri'eqei t`o parap'anw par'adeigma. >`Ac t`o tr'exoume kat'opin m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a n`a fti'axoume t`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI}\null. T'eloc, m`e t`on kat'allhlo `ac t`o tup'wsoume. >E`an <'ola p~ane kal'a, j`a l'aboume st`a q'eria mac m'ia tupwm'enh sel'ida m`e t`hn >ex~hc fr'ash: {\rm Here is my first \TeX\ sentence.} St`o k'atw m'eroc to~u f'ullou, j`a pr'epei >ep'ishc n`a arijm`oc t~hc sel'idac. >E`an t`a kataf'erame, m~ac >ax'izoun sug\-qarht'hria! >Ap`o t`hn stigm`h po`u mpor'esame n`a 'entupo m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}, e>~inai j'ema l'igou qr'onou m'eqri n`a ft'asoume st`o shme~io n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume t`a pl'eon pol'uploka >'entupa. T'wra <'omwc >`ac sugkr'inoume t'i d'wsame >eme~ic st`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i t'i m~ac >ep'estreye a>ut'o. T`ic agglik`ec l'exeic t`ic plh\-ktro\-log'h\-same st`on k'wdik'a mac 'eqoun, dhl.\ qwr`ic t'ipota t`o >idia'itero, ka`i t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac t`ic stoiqeioj'ethse m`e 'orjiouc qarakt~hrec (<'opwc j`a do~ume parak'atw pr'okeitai gi`a qarakt~hrec t'upou {\rm roman}). >All`a <'omwc, t`hn l'exh (({\rm \TeX})), t`hn 'idia uje'ia gramm'h, t`hn gr'ayame idik`o qarakt'hra t~hc >antipl'agiac. >Ex a>it'iac a>ut~hc t~hc antipl'agiac, t`o {\rm \TeX} kat'alabe <'oti ~inai k'ati t`o e>idik`o ka`i >'epraxe kat'allhla. T`a periss'otera s'umbola t`a ~inai koin`a gr'ammata, >arijmo`i >`h shme~ia st'ixhc t`a gr'afoume st`on k'wdika (>arqe~io {\rm \TeX}) ~inai antipl'agia gramm'h. >E`an pros'exoume l'igo >ak'oma periss'otero, j`a do~ume p`wc ka`i 'eqei >all'axei:\TeXref{4} t`a d'uo pr~wta gr'ammat'a thc >'eqoun ep'anw >ap`o t`o gr'amma (({\rm i})). A>ut`h e>~inai m'ia koin`h praktik`h t~wn tupogr'afwn; 'allwn tupografik~wn stoiqe'iwn >anti\-kaji\-st~w\-ntai >ap`o <'ena stoiqe~io t`o apokale~itai st`hn >Agglik`h {\rm ligature} ka`i st`hn `h {\tengs pol\-la\-pl`o stoiqe~io}. ~inai kajar`a a>isjhtik'oc; >arke~i n`a sugkr'inoume t`a d'uo pr~wta gr'ammata t~hc l'exhc (({\rm first})) m`e t`a >ant'istoiqa t~hc l'exhc (({\rm f{}irst})), gi`a n`a do~ume t`hn diafor'a. T'eloc, s''\NB a>ut`o t`o mikr`o par'adeigma, 'eqoume st`a q'eria mac. A>ut`h entol'h --- giat`i per`i >entol~hc pr'okeitai --- ut`o telei'wnei t`o ke'imeno po`u e>~inai pr`oc stoi\-qeio\-j'e\-thsh. J`a m'ajoume pol`u periss'oterec t'etoiec >entol`ec kaj`wc j`a proqwro~ume <'olo ka`i baj'utera st`a mustik`a to~u {\rm \TeX}. >`Ac r'ixoume <'omwc m'ia mati`a ka`i st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} po`u m~ac dhmio'urghse t`o {\rm\TeX}\null. T`o >ar\-qe~io a>ut`o mpore~i n`a diaf'erei >ap`o >'ekdosh s`e >'ekdosh to~u {\rm \TeX} gi`a diaforetiko`uc 'etsi: \beginuser 1.\ This is TeX, Vers.\ 3.14159 (preloaded format=plain 92.6.8) 97.1.18 12:10 2.\ **src 3.\ (src.tex [1] ) 4.\ Output written on src.dvi (1 page, 256 bytes). \enduser <'Opwc >'hdh >anaf'erame, a>ut`o e>~inai t`o >arqe~io po`u j`a peri'eqei <'ola t`a mhn'umata gi`a sf'al\-mata st`on k'wdik'a mac. St`hn >ar'ada 3, t`o {\tt (src.tex\ } de'iqnei <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} >'arqise n`a diab'azei a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io. 'eqei >'hdh stoiqeiojethje~i. >E`an 'iqan katagrafe~i s''\NB a>ut`o >akrib~wc t`o shme~io. \exercise Prosj'este m'ia >ak'oma pr'otash st`o >arqik`o par'adeigma, >'etsi <'wste t`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} n`a de'iqnei ex~hc: \beginuser Here is my first \\TeX\\ sentence. I was the one who typeset it! \\bye \enduser \noindent Tr'exte t`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i de~ite t`o >apot'elesma. E>~inai ar'ada? \exercise T'wra prosj'este t`hn parak'atw >entol`h st`o >arqe~io: \beginuser \\nopagenumbers \enduser \noindent Mant'eyte t'i j`a sumbe~i <'otan j`a tr'exete t`o n'eo >arqe~io to~u k'wdika m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T'wra, doki\-m'aste st`hn pr'axh n`a de~ite t'i >akrib~wc sumba'inei. \toindex{nopagenumbers} \exercise Prosj'este tre~ic >`h t'esseric >ak'oma prot'aseic st`on k'wdika (dhl.\ st`o >arqe~io). Qrhsimopoi~hste latinik`a gr'ammata, >arijmo'uc, tele~iec, k'ommata, >erwthmatik`a ka`i jau\-ma\-sti\-k'a, >all`a >'oqi >'allou e>'idouc s'umbola (>idia'itera >apof'ugete n`a b'al\-lete ut`a j`a mil'hsoume sto kef'alaio\NB 10!). \exercise >Af~hste m'ia ken`h >ar'ada ka`i prosj'este kat'opin merik`ec >ak'oma prot'aseic. >'Etsi j`a de~ite p~wc mpore~ite n`a l'abete st`o >'entup'o sac n'eec paragr'afouc. \medskip >'Eqoume de~i m'eqric >ed~w t`hn basik`h >arq`h gi`a t`hn `h >arqe'iou) {\rm\TeX}: ~inai 'idia m`e a>ut`h to~u teliko~u >ent'upou. D`en mporo~ume, gi`a par'adeigma, n`a prosj'esoume megal'utero ken`o di'asthma metax`u d'uo l'exewn s`e m'ia >ar'ada to~u >ent'upou m`e t`o n`a b'aloume merik`a epipl'eon ken`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika. <'Ena >`h ka`i peris\-s'otera ken`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika j`a m~ac d'wsoun t`o >'idio ken`o di'asthma st`hn >ar'ada to~u >ent'upou. >Epipl'eon, <'opwc >'iswc j`a t`o perim'ename, m'ia l'exh st`o t'eloc m'iac gramm~hc to~u k'wdika d`en j`a 'entupo. M'alista, meri\-k`ec for`ec <'otan doule'uoume <'ena ke'imeno st`o ~inai pol`u pijan`o n`a g'inoun poll`ec ka`i sh\-manti\-k`ec >allag'ec, >'iswc e>~inai protim'wtero n`a gr'afoume k'aje pr'otash ar'ada. arq`h m'iac gramm~hc k'wdika, p'antote parabl'epontai >ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX}. \exercise Prosj'este t`hn parak'atw pr'otash ep`i to~ic ent`oc to~u >arqe'iou {\rm\TeX}\null. akolouje~i met`a >ap`o a>ut`o t`o s'umbolo st`hn >'idia gramm`h to~u k'wdika parabl'epetai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. >`Ac pros'exoume >ak'oma <'oti ka`i t`o ken`o di'asthma po`u kanonik`a qwr'izei t`hn teleuta'ia l'exh t~hc pr'wthc gramm~hc {\tt 100} >ap`o t`hn pr'wth l'exh t~hc de'uterhc gramm~hc {\tt examination} >'eqei qaje~i. T'wra, >`ac b'aloume m'ia >antipl'agia >empr`oc >ap`o t`o s'umbolo {\tt\%} gi`a n`a diorjwje~i 'askhshc j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma l'ajouc st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}. >E`an tr'eqoume t`o {\rm \TeX} allhloepidr'on, t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma st`hn >oj'onh ka`i j`a diak'oyei t`hn leitour\-g'ia tou; st`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h pr'epei n`a pi'esoume t`o pl~h\-ktro {\rm Enter} >`h {\rm Return} gi`a n`a suneq'isei t`o {\rm \TeX} t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia to~u k'wdika. <'Omwc, t`o >apot'elesma st`o qart`i d`en j`a e>~inai a>ut`o po`u perim'enoume. >E`an >ano'ixoume ka`i diab'asoume t`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}, j`a p'aroume m'ia ge'ush p~wc katagr'afei t`a l'ajh mac t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. >All`a gi`a t`hn <'wra >`ac m`hn d'wsoume kam'ia shmas'ia st`o peri'e\-qomeno t~wn mhnum'atwn a>ut~wn, mi~ac ka`i j`a po~ume pol`u periss'otera pr'agmata gi`a l'ajh parak'atw (ka`i gi`a t`o sugkekrim'eno po`u m'olic e>'idame). Kal'utera, >`ac diorj'wsoume t`on k'wdik'a mac b'azontac m'ia >anti\-pl'a\-gia >empr`oc >ap`o t`o s'umbolo {\tt \$} ka`i >`ac xanatr'exoume t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. (ep`i to~ic `h t`o s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou, to`uc idiko`uc skopo'uc. S'untoma, j`a do~ume <'enan p'inaka m`e <'olouc a>uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec.) \toindex{\$} \subsection{T`o {\lsecfont \TeX} >el'egqei t`a p'anta} E>'idame parap'anw <'oti antipl'agia >'eqei <'enan e>idik`o r'olo. akolouj'ia qa\-ra\-kt'hrwn xekin~a m`e t`hn >antipl'agia j`a diermhneuje~i kat`a tr'opo e>idik`o >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} <'otan t`o pr'ogramma a>ut`o diab'azei t`on k'wdik'a mac. M'ia t'etoia seir`a qarakt'hrwn >apokale~itai {\tengs >ako\-louj'ia >el'egqou\/} ({\rm control sequence}) >`h {\tengs >entol'h\/} ({\rm command}). M'alista, ako\-louji~wn >el'egqou: m'ia {\tengs l'exh >el'egqou\/} ({\rm control word}) >apotele~itai >ap`o m'ia >anti\-pl'a\-gia >ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >am'eswc >ap`o m'ia seir`a latinik~wn gramm'atwn (p.q., {\tt \\TeX}); <'ena {\tengs s'umbolo >el'egqou\/} ({\rm control symbol}) >apotele~itai >ap`o m'ia >anti\-pl'agia >ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >ap`o <'enan ka`i monadik`o qarakt'hra po`u <'omwc d`en e>~inai gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou (p.q., {\tt \\\$})\null. Mi~ac ka`i t`o ken`o di'a\-sthma d`en e>~inai gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou, m'ia >antipl'agia >ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >ap`o <'ena ken`o di'asthma >apotele~i gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX} <'ena kanonik`o s'umbolo >el'egqou. \TeXref{7--8} St`hn sun'eqeia egqeirid'iou, <'otan j`a j'e\-loume n`a ton'isoume <'oti pr'ag\-mati idik`o s'um\-bolo\NB {\tt\sp}\null. 'idioc sumbolism`oc antipl'agia t~hc antilamb'anetai <'oti pr'okeitai gi`a m'ia l'exh >el'egqou. T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei n`a diab'azei t`a gr'ammata a>ut~hc t~hc l'exhc <'ena-pr`oc-<'ena, >'ewc <'otou sunant'hsei k'apoion qarakt'hra po`u n`a m`hn >apotele~i gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. Gi`a par'adeigma, >e`an el'egqou {\tt \\TeX} termat'izetai >ap`o t`o jaumastik'o, t`o apo\-tele~i gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. ut`o m~ac dhmiourge~i <'ena pr'oblhma >e`an j'eloume n`a ap`o m'ia l'exh >el'egqou. >'Estw, p.q., <'oti >'eqoume t`hn pr'otash \displaytext{\tt I like \\TeX and use it all the time.} \noindent St`on k'wdika a>ut'o, el'egqou {\tt\\TeX} termat'izetai >ap`o <'ena ken`o di'asthma (t`o ~inai gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou). Sunep~wc st`o >'entup'o mac, owfele~i s`e t'ipota, >epeid'h, <'opwc proanaf'erame, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en k'anei di'akrish metax`u `h poll~wn ken~wn diasthm'atwn to~u k'wdika. <'Omwc, m`e t`o n`a prosj'esoume m'ia >antipl'agia ka`i <'ena ken`o di'asthma (dhl.\ t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt\\\sp}) >am'eswc met`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou, j`a d'wsoume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a katal'abei <'oti el'egqou tele'iwse ka`i j`a t`o >anagk'asoume n`a b'alei >eke~i <'ena ken`o di'asthma. E>~inai pr'agmati pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeqn~a kane`ic n`a b'azei k'ati <'opwc {\tt\\\sp} met`a >ap`o l'exeic >el'egqou --- st`a s'igoura <'oloi k'anoun a>ut`o t`o l'ajoc toul'aqiston m'ia for`a kaj`wc maja'inoun t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. \exercise arqe~io) {\rm \TeX} po`u n`a s~ac d'wsei t`hn el'egqou >apotelo~un >agglik`a >akr'wnuma po`u d'inoun k'apoia >'endeixh gi`a t`o t'i skop`o >exu\-phreto~un. Gi`a par'a\-deigma, mpo\-ro~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh {\tt \\par} gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume <'oti xekino~ume m'ia n'ea par'agrafo, >ant`i n`a k'anoume a>ut`o >af'h\-nontac m'ia ken`h gramm`h st`on k'wdika. Profan~wc, el'egqou {\tt \\par} >'eqei >onomasje~i >ap`o t`hn l'exh {\rm paragraph} (~inai m'al\-lon >apokleistik`a >ag\-glik'h). \toindex{par} \subsection{T'i d`en k'anei t`o {\lsecfont \TeX}} T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >'aristo st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >ent'upwn, >all`a ~inai ka`i t'oso kal'o. <'Ena >ap`o a>ut`a t`a pr'agmata e>~inai t`a sq'hmata. Mporo~ume n`a >af'hnoume meg'alouc keno`uc q'wrouc gi`a t`hn met'epeita >'enjesh sqhm'atwn, >all`a t`o >'idio t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en e>~inai pr'ogramma gi`a t`hn paragwg`h s'unjetwn grafik~wn parast'asewn. epitr'epei t`hn a>ut'o\-math >'enjesh sqhm'atwn po`u peri'eqontai s`e >arqe~ia e>ik'onwn (p.q., >arqe~ia {\rm bitmap}) m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\special}\TeXref{228--229}, >all`a gi'' a>ut`o pr'epei n`a 'idouc >arqe~ia. T`o {\rm \TeX} 'entupa t~wn ar'adec e>~inai ~inai genik`a >ad'unato n`a pro\-stejo~un s`e <'ena >'entupo katak'orufec >ar'adec, dhl.\ s`e t'etoia morf`h <'wste oar'adwn n`a e>~inai par'allhlec m`e t`hn me\-ga\-l'u\-te\-rh pleu\-r`a to~u qartio~u. M'ono apotel'esmata (p.q., ektu\-pwt`h {\rm Post\-Script}); t`o {\rm \TeX} >ap`o m'ono tou d`en mpore~i. >Ep'ishc, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en t`a kataf'ernei pol`u kal`a ka`i m`e t`ic megej'unseic t~wn stoiqe'iwn, t`hn qr'hsh stoiqe'iwn diaforetiko~u e>'idouc, dhl.\ diaforetik~wn {\tengs grammatoseir~wn}, ka`i t`ic parallag`ec t~wn grammatoseir~wn po`u >onom'azontai {\tengs t'upoi\/} (p.q., >'orjia, pl'agia, >'entona, k.>'a.). E>'idame m'eqric >ed~w <'oti gi`a k'aje >'entupo po`u >'eqoume n`a ergasi~wn po`u pr'epei n`a >ektel'esoume: {\tengs s'untaxh k'wdika $\to$ tr'eximo to~u {\sl\TeX} $\to$ `h >ekt'upwsh}. A>ut`o >isq'uei gi`a <'olec t`ic >ekd'oseic to~u {\rm\TeX}, ak'omh ka`i gi''\NB a>ut`ec po`u ~inai dunat`o n`a gr'afoume t`on k'wdik'a mac ka`i t`hn >'idia stigm`h n`a bl'epoume st`hn >oj'onh t`o dhmio'ur\-ghm'a mac; pr'epei p'anta n`a >epa\-na\-lam\-b'anoume t`on >'idio k'uklo >ergasi~wn. epitr'epoun t`o sqed`on taut'oqrono gr'ayimo to~u k'wdika ka`i parous'iash to~u stoiqeiojethm'enou >ent'upou (>'iswc m`e l'iga deute\-r'olepta kaju\-st'erhsh). Kaj`wc out'o. \section{<'Oloi o~inai pi`o ((sp'esial))} E>'idame st`o prohgo'umeno kef'alaio <'oti All`a e>'idame >ep'ishc <'oti antipl'agia mpore~i n`a qrhsime'usei gi`a d'uo toul'aqiston skopo'uc. Mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a n`a m~ac d'wsei s'umbola >`h sunduasmo`uc sumb'olwn po`u d`en akr'ibeia) {\rm \TeX}\null. anti\-pl'agia mpore~i >ak'oma n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a n`a d'wsoume st`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika. Genik'a, m'ia l'exh st`on k'wdika po`u xekin~a m`e t`hn >antipl'agia ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} apaite~i >idia'i\-terh prosoq'h. akolouji~wn (l'exewn >`h sumb'olwn) >el'egqou po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} gnwr'izei >ek t~wn prot'erwn. >Epi\-pl'eon, <'opwc ja do~ume >arg'otera, mporo~ume n`a eme~ic t`ic dik'ec mac par'omoiec l'exeic >el'egqou. Sunep~wc anti\-pl'agia >eqei meg'alh shmas'ia. Parak'atw, j`a xod'e\-youme k'amposo qr'ono prospaj'wntac n`a m'ajoume t`hn qr'hsh merik~wn l'exewn >el'egqou; e>utuq~wc, st`hn kajhmerin`h pr'axh, m~ac >arke~i m'onon <'enac mikr`oc >arij\-m`oc t'etoiwn l'exewn. antipl'agia, qrhsi\-mopoio~u\-ntai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a e>idiko`uc skopo`uc, ka`i j`a pr'epei t'wra n`a do~ume poio'i e>~inai a>uto'i.\TeXref{37--38} P~wc <'omwc j`a mporo'u\-same n`a gr'ayoume m'ia pr'otash po`u n`a peri'eqei <'enan >ap`o a>uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec? >'Eqontac a>ut`o st`on no~u mac, j`a rwt'hsoume: \item{---} Poio'i e>~inai oidiko`i qarakt~hrec? \item{---} P~wc mporo~ume n`a l'aboume <'enan e>idik`o qarakt'hra st`o >'entup'o mac >e`an k'ati t'etoio e>~inai >apara'ithto? idiko`uc qarakt~hrec ka`i t`o p~wc gr'afetai apara'ithtec >entol`ec po`u pr'epei n`a grafo~un st`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX}) prokeim'enou n`a to`uc l'aboume st`o >'entup'o mac: \maketable [Qarakt~hrec po`u >apaito~un prosoq`h] \halign{ \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad # \hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil\cr \tengb Qarakt'hrac & \tengb Skop'oc & \tengb K'wdikac gi`a t`hn \cr & & \tengb >emf'anish \cr \noalign{\smallskip} \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} $\backslash$ & >Akolouj'iec >el'egqou (>entol'ec) & \$\\backslash\$ \cr $\{$ & >'Anoigma sun'olou & \$\\\lb\$ \cr $\}$ & Kle'isimo sun'olou & \$\\\rb\$ \cr \% & Sq'olia & \\\% \cr \&{} & E>ujugr'ammish keim'enou ka`i pin'akwn & \\\& \cr \~{} & >Adi'akopto di'asthma >ar'adac (s'undesmoc) & \\\~{}\lb\rb \cr \${} & >Arq`h >`h t'eloc majhmatiko~u keim'enou & \\\$ \cr \^{} & Majhmatiko`i >ekj'etec & \\\^{}\lb\rb \cr {\rm\underscore} & Majhmatiko`i de~iktec & \\\_{}\lb\rb \cr \#{} & Sumb'olo >antikat'astashc s`e n'eo ap`o t`a kal`a to~u {\rm \TeX}\null! M'eqri stig\-m~hc >'eqoume qrhsimo\-poi'hsei t`o {\rm \TeX} m'ono gi`a n`a m~ac stoiqeiojet'hsei k'apoiec >agglik`ec fr'aseic. <'Omwc t'wra j`a >arq'isoume n`a k'anoume pr'agmata po`u e>~inai >ap`o pol`u d'uskolo >'ewc >ad'unato n`a g'inoun m`e m'ia grafo\-mhqan'h. E>idik'wtera, j`a do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a gr'afoume lati\-niko`uc qara\-kt~hrec po`u >'eqoun ka`i t'onouc! P~wc j`a gr'afame <'enan t'ono s`e <'ena plh\-ktro\-l'ogio po`u d`en >'eqei t'onouc? <'Opwc ka`i st`hn per'iptwsh to~u log'otupou {\rm \TeX}, >'etsi ka`i >ed~w e>~inai >apara'i\-thto n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac l'exeic po`u xekino~un m`e t`hn >anti\-pl'agia. Gi`a t`hn gallik`h l'exh {\rm premi\`{e}re} ('eqei per'asei ka`i st`hn gl'wssa mac 'iswc n`a qreiasje~i n`a y'axoume lig'aki gi`a n`a bro~ume t`o s'umbolo t~hc dase'iac {\tt `} st`o plhktrol'ogi'o mac, >all`a k'apou >eke~i br'isketai\fnote{>E`an t`o s'umbolo a>ut`o d`en ut`ec t`ic >entol`ec agglik~wn <'orwn {\rm left quote} ka`i {\rm right quote}. >Ak'oma, gr'afontac {\tt \\lq\\lq\lb\rb} ka`i {\tt \\rq\\rq\lb\rb} lamb'anoume t`a sunh\-jism'ena e>isagwgik`a t~wn >agglik~wn: {\rm ``} ka`i\NB{\rm ''}. (Prosoq'h: t`a e>isagwgik`a t~wn ~inai <'omoia m`e a>ut`a t~wn >agglik~wn >`h germanik~wn k.>'a.\ >ent'upwn! T`a isagwgik`a ((\NB ka`i\NB )) j`a t`a >exet'asoume st`o kef'alaio\NB 10.) <'Omwc m`e >ento\-l`ec <'opwc {\tt \\lq\lb\rb}, d`en j`a kataf'e\-roume n`a l'aboume to`uc t'onouc po`u j'eloume, gi''\NB a>ut`o kal'utera >`ac bro~ume <'ena swst`o plh\-ktro\-l'ogio.}). Genik'a, gi`a n`a l'aboume <'ena toni\-sm'e\-no gr'amma, pr'epei n`a gr'ayoume m'ia mikr`h >ako\-lou\-j'ia >el'egqou, <'ena s'umbolo >el'egqou, >empr`oc >ap`o t`o gr'amma po`u j'eloume n`a ton'isoume. Apot'elesma \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} \\`a la mode & \`a la mode \cr r\\'esum\\'e & r\'esum\'e \cr soup\\c{\sp}con & soup\c con \cr No\\"el & No\"el \cr na\\"\\i{\sp}ve & na\"\i ve \cr } }$$ St`a parap'anw parade'igmata bl'epoume <'oti oel'egqou par'omoiac morf~hc. Merik`a >ap`o t`a tonik`a shme~ia par'agontai m`e l'exeic >el'egqou out`ec >apaite~itai l'igh prosoq'h; <'ena ken`o di'asthma pr'epei n`a >akolouje~i met`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou. >E`an gr'a\-you\-me st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt soup\\ccon}, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a prospaj'hsei n`a bre~i t'i shma'inei el'egqou {\tt\\ccon}\fnote{J`a do~ume pi`o k'atw p`wc ak'oma m'ejodoc gi`a t`hn >apofug`h t'etoiwn sfalm'atwn. E>~inai arq`ec t~hc Ax'izei >ep'ishc n`a pros'exoume <'oti, s`e <'ena >ap`o t`a parap'anw parade'igmata, el'eg\-qou\NB{\tt \\i}. A>ut`h entol`h m~ac d'inei t`o lati\-nik`o gr'amma (({\rm i})) qwr`ic t`hn tele'ia; afa'iresh t~hc tele'iac >ap`o t`o (({\rm i})) >epitr'epei t`hn swst`h topo\-j'ethsh to~u t'onou >ep'anw >ap`o t`o kat'wtero m'eroc {\rm \i} to~u gr'am\-matoc. ak'oma >an'alogh l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\j} po`u m~ac d'i\-nei t`o gr'amma (({\rm j})) qwr`ic tele'ia gi`a peript'wseic tonismo~u. \maketable [Tonik`a shme~ia >akoloujo'umena >am'eswc >ap`o gr'amma] \halign{ \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad \hfil \tt #\hfil & \hfil \quad\rm #\hfil\cr \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} >oxe'ia ({\rm acute}) & \\'o & \'o \cr bare'ia ({\rm grave}) & \\`o & \`o \cr gallik`h perispwm'enh ({\rm circumflex}) & \\\^{}o & \^o \cr dialutik'a ({\rm umlaut/dieresis/tr\'emat}) & \\"{}o & \"o \cr apaito~un >endi'ameso ken`o di'asthma] \halign{ \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad \hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\rm\quad #\hfil\cr \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} cedilla & \\c o & \c{o} \cr underdot & \\d o & \d{o} \cr underbar & \\b o & \b{o} \cr h\'a\v{c}ek & \\v o & \v{o} \cr breve & \\u o & \u{o} \cr tie & \\t oo & \t oo \cr {\tengr o>uggrik`o} umlaut & \\H o & \H{o} \cr } \toindex{c} \toindex{d} \toindex{b} \toindex{v} \toindex{u} \toindex{t} \toindex{H} T`o {\rm \TeX} >ep'ishc >epitr'epei t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia merik~wn qarakt'hrwn po`u d`en sumpe\-ri\-lam\-b'anontai st`o >alf'abhto t~hc >agglik~hc gl'wssac. \maketable [Gr'ammata m`h >agglik~wn glwss~wn] \halign{ \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad\rm #\hfil\cr \tengb Par'adeigma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} \AE gean, \ae sthetics & \\AE, \\ae & \AE, \ae \cr \OE uvres, hors d'\oe uvre & \\OE \\oe & \OE, \oe \cr \AA ngstrom & \\AA, \\aa & \AA, \aa \cr \O re, K\o benhavn & \\O, \\o & \O, \o \cr \L odz, \l\'odka & \\L, \\l & \L, \l \cr Nu\ss & \\ss & \ss \cr ?`Si? & {?}{`} & ?` \cr !`Si! & {!}{`} & !` \cr Se\~nor & \\\~{} & \~{} \cr My {\it\$} of flesh & \lb\\it\\\$\rb & {\it\$} \cr } \toindex{AE} \toindex{ae} \toindex{OE} \toindex{oe} \toindex{AA} \toindex{aa} \toindex{O} \toindex{o} \toindex{L} \toindex{l} \toindex{ss} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63 \AA. } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note.} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm \'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Mein Tee ist hei\ss. } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm ?`Por qu\'e no bebes vino blanco? !`Porque est\'a avinagrado! } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en worden niet be\"\i nvloed. } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? } \subsection{Tele~iec, pa~ulec, e>isagwgik'a\bdots} ~htan p'anta <'enac sumbibasm'oc. arijm`oc t~wn pl'h\-ktrwn t~hc grafo\-mhqan~hc >`h to~u termatiko~u (s`e s'ugkrish m`e t`on >arijm`o t~wn sumb'olwn po`u qrhsimopoio~un di'aforoi suggrafe~ic), e>~iqe >anagk'asei t`on daktulogr'afo s`e fjhn`a k'olpa ka`i l'useic t~hc stigm~hc, po`u poll`ec for`ec >~htan ka`i >anti\-aisjh\-tik'ec. <'Otan <'omwc stoiqeiojeto~ume m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en ap`o ''m~ac gnwr'izoun <'oti id~wn pa~ulec? ('eqei sun'hjwc m'ia ka`i m'ono.) ar'adwn, >`h gi`a t`hn <'enwsh d'uo >`h peris\-sot'erwn l'exewn po`u prof'erontai ~uroc >arijm~wn: tim~wn, sel'idwn, qr'onou, k.lp. apokalo~un ((dipl`h pa~ula)), e>~inai shme~io st'ixhc po`u mpa'inei st`hn j'esh t~hc par'enjeshc ka`i spani'wtera st`hn j'esh t~hc >'anw tele'iac. T'eloc, m'ia >ak'oma pa~ula e>~inai ka`i t`o ma\-jh\-matik`o s'umbolo {\tengs me~ion}. St`on ut`ec t`ic pa~ulec ka`i t`o p~wc t`ic qrhsimopoio~ume s`e >agglik`a ke'imena --- prosoq'h: o~inai t`a >idia >ap`o gl'wssa s`e gl'wssa; periss'oterec leptom'ereiec gi''\NB a>ut`o t`o j'ema j`a po~ume st`o kef'alaio\NB 10. \maketable [Oagglik~hc tupograf'iac] \halign{ \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad\rm #\hfil & \hfil\rm #\hfil\cr \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma & \tengb Par'adeigma \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} ak'oma meg'alh diafor`a metax`u t~hc koin~hc daktulogr'afhshc ka`i t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai isa\-gw\-gik~wn. Sun'hjwc t`a e>isagwgik`a <'olwn t~wn grafo\-mh\-qa\-n~wn --- e>'ite pr'okeitai gi`a 'ite pr'okeitai gi`a >agglik'ec --- e>~inai <'ena pl~hktro m`e t`o s'umbolo\NB{\tt "}\null. <'Otan j'eloume n`a b'aloume e>isagwgik`a m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} s`e <'ena >agglik`o ke'imeno, qrhsimopoio~ume t`a pl~h\-ktra\NB{\tt '} ka`i\NB{\tt `}\null. \TeXref{3} T`o pr~wto dipl`o e>isagwgik`o lamb'anetai gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt ``} ka`i t`o de'utero gr'afontac {\tt ''}\null. Kat`a par'omoio tr'opo t`a isagwgik'a (p.q., e>isagwgik`a >ent`oc e>isa\-gw\-gi\-k~wn) lamb'anontai gr'a\-fontac\NB{\tt `} ka`i\NB{\tt '}\null. (T`a isa\-gwgi\-k`a ((\NB ka`i\NB)) e>~inai m'ia >'allh aposiwphtik'a, tre~ic tele~iec dhlad'h, gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume siwp`h >`h ke'imeno po`u >'eqei paralhfje~i. >E`an gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac tre~ic tele~iec, t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai tre~ic tele~iec kollhm'enec ep'anw st`hn >'allh. T`a >aposiwphtik`a st`hn swst'h touc morf`h lamb'anontai gr'afontac st`on k'wdika t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\dots}.% \TeXref{173} \toindex{dots} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm He thought, ``\dots and this goes on forever, perhaps to the last recorded syllable.'' } <'Ena pr'oblhma m`e t`hn tele'ia e>~inai <'oti <'otan qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a n`a dhl'wsei t`o t'eloc m'iac pr'otashc, par'agetai <'ena sqetik`a meg'alo (per'ipou dipl'o) ken`o di'asthma >an'amesa st`o t'eloc t~hc pr'otashc (t~hc tele'iac) ka`i st`hn >arq'h (t`o pr~wto kefala~io gr'amma) t~hc ut`o d`en e>~inai o>usia\-stik`a pr'o\-blhma; >antij'etwc t`o dipl`o di'asthma metax`u prot'a\-se\-wn e>~inai m'ia sun'hjhc praktik`h t~wn tupogr'afwn. <'Omwc t`o dipl`o di'asthma met`a t`hn tele'ia e>~inai >anepij'umhto <'otan pr'o\-keitai gi`a suntomo\-graf'ia <'opwc ((k.)), ((kk.)), {\rm Mr.}, k.lp. apof'ugoume a>ut`o t`o pr'oblhma: gr'afoume >am'eswc met`a t`hn tele'ia st`on k'wdika e>'ite {\tt\\\sp} e>'ite m'ia perispwm'enh {\tt\~{}} gi`a n`a >all'axoume t`o m'egejoc to~u keno~u diast'hmatoc.% \TeXref{91--92} epilog`h j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena {\tengs >adi\-'ako\-pto di'asthma\/} >`h >alli~wc {\tengs s'un\-desmo\/}; dhl.\ >e`an b'aloume m'ia peri\-spw\-m'enh metax`u d'uo l'exewn, t'ote a>ut`ec oemfa\-nisto~un st`o >'entupo st`hn >'idia >ar'ada. Gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt Prof.\~{}Knuth}, j`a l'aboume ka`i t`ic d'uo a>ut`ec l'exeic {\rm Prof.}\ ka`i {\rm Knuth} st`hn >'idia >ar'ada. A>ut`o e>~inai genik`a qr'h\-simo gi`a t`hn stoiqei\-ojes'ia >onom'atwn <'opwc {\rm Vancouver, B.\NB C.} ka`i {\rm Mr.\NB Jones} >'etsi <'wste oar'adec. >`Ac pro\-s'e\-xoume >ep'ishc <'oti d`en qrei'azetai >antipl'agia >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn peri\-spw\-m'enh to~u sund'esmou. (Periss'otera gi`a t`hn perispwm'enh t~wn all`a ka`i gi`a >'alla 'allh >idiorujm'ia to~u {\rm \TeX} e>~inai n`a m`hn b'azei dipl`o ken`o di'asthma met`a >ap`o tele'ia >e`an >empr`oc >ap`o a>ut`hn Aut`o e>~inai swst`o <'otan qrhsimopoio~ume kefala~ia gi`a suntomograf'iec. P.q., d`en j'eloume t`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn {\rm U}, {\rm S} ka`i {\rm A} n`a e>~inai dipl'asio to~u kanoniko~u; >arke~i n`a sugkr'inoume t`o {\rm U\null. S\null. A.} m`e t`o {\rm U. S. A.}, gi`a n`a katal'aboume t`hn diafor'a. T'i g'inetai <'omwc st`hn per'iptwsh po`u m'ia pr'otash tele'iwnei m`e kefala~io ka'i, sunep~wc, pr'epei n`a mpe~i dipl`o di'asthma met`a t`hn tele'ia? ~inai n`a gr'ayoume {\tt\\null} pr`in t`hn tele'ia <'opwc: {\tt I was born in U. S. A\\null.\ I was raised in Canada.} ut`oc d'inei: {\rm I was born in U. S. A\null. \ I was raised in Canada.} \toindex{null} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Have you seen Ms.\NB Jones? } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Prof.\NB Smith and Dr.\NB Gold flew from Halifax N.\NB S. to Montr\'eal, Qc.\ via Moncton, N.\NB B. } \subsection{T'upoi stoiqe'iwn} ent'upwn ka`i >ent'upwn stoiqeio\-je\-thm'enwn m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai --- qwr`ic kam'ia >amfibol'ia --- o`h {\tengs grammatoseir`ec\/} po`u qrhsimopoio~untai. <'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} xekin~a, >'eqei sthn di'ajes'h tou deka'exi diaforetik`ec grammatoseir'ec. Merik`ec >ap`o a>ut`ec t`ic gram\-ma\-to\-seir`ec qrhsimopoio~untai m'ono s`e >episthmonik`a >`h teqnik`a >'entupa. <'Enac pl'hrhc kat'alogoc <'olwn t~wn deka'exi grammatoseir~wn to~u {\rm \TeX} d'inetai st`o {\sl \TeX{}book}.% \TeXref{427--432} Out'omata; <'enac majhmatik`oc de'ikthc, p.q., bga'inei >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} s`e mikr'otero m'egejoc qwr`ic n`a qreiasje~i n`a d'wsei k'apoia >idia'iterh >entol`h all'axoume >ap`o t`on sunhjism'eno t'upo latinik~wn gramm'atwn, t`a {\rm roman} (rwma"ik'a), s`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a, t`a {\rm italic} (>italik'a), qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\it}. Gi`a n`a xana\-epi\-str'e\-youme st`a {\rm roman}, gr'afoume st`on k'wdika {\tt \\rm}. Gi`a par'adeigma, e>~inai dunat`o n`a >'eqoume t`hn >ak'oloujh >agglik`h pr'otash st`on k'wdik'a mac: {\tt I started with roman type, \\it switched to italic type, \\rm and returned to roman type}. T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai: {\rm I started with roman type, \it switched to italic type,\fnote{Notice that the comma and this footnote are in italic type, and this looks a little funny. We'll see that there is another method for changing fonts when we talk about grouping in Section 4. ({\tengs >`Ac parathr'hsoume <'oti t`o k'omma ka`i t`o >agglik`o ke'imeno 'eqoun stoiqeiojethje~i s`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a. St`o kef'alaio\NB 4, j`a do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a >al\-l'a\-zoume t'upouc stoiqe'iwn m`e t`hn dhmiourg'ia sun'olwn}.)} \rm and returned to roman type}. >Ekt`oc t~wn {\rm italic} 'alla e>'idh grammatoseir~wn. St`on uto`i out'omata >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} st`on qr'h\-sth. L'igo pi`o k'atw j`a do~ume >ak'oma p~wc mporo~ume n`a qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume ka`i >'allec grammatoseir`ec po`u d`en m~ac t`ic prosf'erei a>ut'omata t`o {\rm \TeX}. \global\advance\footnotenum by 2 \maketable [De'igmata t'upwn (grammatoseir~wn)] \halign{ \strut \hfil\rm # \hfil & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & \hfil \quad \rm # \hfil\cr \tengb >'Onoma t'upou & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb De~igma t'upou \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} Roman ({\tengr rwma"ik'a}) & \\rm & \rm Roman type. \cr Boldface ({\tengr >'entona}) & \\bf & \bf Boldface type. \cr Italic ({\tengr >italik'a}) & \\it & \it Italic type. \cr Slanted ({\tengr pl'agia}) & \\sl & \sl Slanted type. \cr Typewriter ({\tengr grafomhqan~hc}) & \\tt & \tt Typewriter type. \cr Math symbol ({\tengr s'umbola majhmatik~wn})${}^\the\footnotenum$ & \\cal & $\cal SCRIPT\hbox{\ }LETTERS$\rm. \cr } \footnote{}{\llap{$^\the\footnotenum$} A>ut`o t`o par'adeigma >apat~a, mi~ac ka`i pr'epei n`a gnwr'izoume merik`a pr'agmata peris\-s'o\-te\-ra gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn <'wste n`a mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume s`e t'etoiou e>'idouc stoiqe~ia (kef'alaio\NB 5). } \nobreak \toindex{it} \toindex{rm} \toindex{bf} \toindex{sl} \toindex{tt} T`a {\rm slanted} (pl'agia) ka`i t`a {\rm italic} (>italik'a) fa'inontai <'omoia >ek pr'wthc >'oyewc. E>~inai e>'ukolo <'omwc n`a do~ume t`hn diafor`a >e`an pros'exoume t`o gr'amma (({\rm a})) st`on <'ena ka`i st`on >'allo t'upo. <'Otan >all'azoume >ap`o <'enan pl'agio t'upo ({\rm slanted} >`h {\rm italic}) s`e >'enan >'orjio ({\rm upright} >`h {\rm roman}), t`o teleuta~io gr'amma t~wn plag'iwn g'ernei ka`i fa'inetai n`a plhsi'azei t`o pr~wto gr'amma t~wn >orj'iwn. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume t'etoiou e>'idouc a>isjhtik`a probl'hmata, prosj'etoume l'igo parap'anw di'asthma m`e t`hn leg'omenh {\tengs di'orjwsh >italik~wn\/} ({\rm italic correction}). A>ut`o g'inetai m`e t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt \\/}.% \toindex{/} St`hn parak'atw >agglik`h pr'otash d`en b'alame di'orjwsh >italik~wn st`hn pr'wth per'iptwsh <'opou e>'iqame {\rm italic}, >en~w b'alame st`hn de'uterh --- >`ac pros'exoume t`hn diafor'a: {\rm {\it If} the italic correction is not used the letters are too close together, but {\it if\/} the correction is used, the spacing is better.} D`en qrei'azetai di'orjwsh >italik~wn st`hn per'iptwsh <'opou >am'e\-swc met`a t`a pl'agia >akolouje~i k'omma >`h tele'ia. 'entupo j`a de'iqnei pi`o e`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn di'orjwsh >italik~wn pr`in >ap`o e>isagwgik`a >`h parenj'eseic. E>~inai dunat`o n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume ka`i >'allec grammatoseir`ec >ekt`oc >ap`o a>ut`ec po`u m~ac prosf'erei >arqik`a t`o {\rm \TeX} (>ef'' <'oson t`a >arqe~ia m`e t`ic >epipl'eon grammatoseir`ec el'egqou {\tt \\magstep}. Gi`a n`a `h <'enan n'eo t'upo stoiqe'iwn, j`a pr'epei n`a gnwr'izoume p~wc >onom'azetai t`o sqetik`o >arqe~io st`on onom'azetai {\tt cmr10} st`ic pi`o poll`ec >ekd'oseic to~u {\rm \TeX}\null. >E`an gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\font\\bigrm = cmr10 scaled \\magstep\NB{}1}, t'o\-te mporo~ume n`a qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\bigrm} <'opwc qrhsimopoio~ume ka`i t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt\\it} >`h {\tt\\rm}.% \TeXref{13--17} \toindex{magstep} \toindex{font} \toindex{scaled} >All'azontac t'upo m'esw| t~hc >entol~hc {\tt\\bigrm}, j`a l'aboume stoiqe~ia {\rm roman} po`u j`a e>~inai kat`a 20\NB \% megal'utera t~wn kanonik~wn. M`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\font\\bigbigrm = cmr10 scaled \\magstep\NB{}2} ~inai kat`a 44\NB \% megal'uteroc to~u ka\-no\-ni\-ko~u. Sunolik`a t`o {\rm \TeX} >epitr'epei <'exi megej'unseic t'upwn, >ap`o {\tt \\magstep\NB 0} >'ewc {\tt \\magstep\NB 5}. S`e poll`ec >ekd'oseic to~u {\rm \TeX}, ~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume tele'iwc n'eec grammatoseir'ec (p.q., ut`o >exart~atai >ap`o t`o t'i 'iswc >ap`o t`ic dunat'othtec t~hc ts'ephc mac (poll`ec grammatoseir`ec kuklo\-fo\-ro~un emporik`a pro"i'onta). S`e pollo`uc arqe~io m`e t`o <'onoma {\tt cmss10}; pr'okeitai gi`a m'ia grammatoseir`a stoiqe'iwn {\rm sans serif} (qwr`ic >apol'hxeic >'h, >alli~wc, qwr`ic pato~urec). B'azontac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\font\\sf = cmss10} s`e k'apoio shme~io to~u k'wdik'a mac, mporo~ume kat'opin n`a qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume t`on t'upo {\rm sans serif} m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\sf}, <'opwc j`a gr'afoume, p.q., {\tt\\bf} gi`a >'entona stoiqe~ia. >'Eqo\-ntac loip`on el'egqou {\tt \\ss} >ant`i t~hc {\tt \\sf} gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume s`e {\rm sans serif}? E`an ap'anthsh d`en s~ac fa'inetai ka`i t'oso alf'abhto pr~wta ka`i t'ote j`a t`hn bre~ite. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste m'ia par'agrafo s`e megejunm'eno t'upo {\rm sans serif}. Oepipl'eon grammatoseir`ec ka`i t'upoi po`u mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoi'hsei kane`ic m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} dia\-f'eroun >ap`o anaf'erontai st`on parak'atw p'inaka e>~inai a>uto`i po`u uto`i >'eqoun >onomasje~i (({\rm Computer Modern})) >ap`o t`on sqediast'h touc, po`u d`en e>~inai >'alloc >ap`o t`on >'idio t`on dhmiourg`o to~u {\rm \TeX}, t`on {\rm Donald Knuth}. >'Etsi t`a d'uo pr~wta gr'ammata to~u >on'omatoc a>ut~wn t~wn t'upwn {\tt cm} shma'inoun {\rm Computer Modern}. arijm`oc st`o t'eloc t~wn >onom'atwn touc dhl'wnei t`o m'egej'oc touc: t'upoc 10 stigm~wn ({\rm points}) e>~inai kanoniko~u meg'ejouc, t'upoi 7 stigm~wn qrh\-si\-me'uoun sun'hjwc ekj'etec; t'upoi 12 stigm~wn e>~inai kat`a 20\NB \% megal'uteroi a>ut~wn t~wn 10 stigm~wn, k.o.k. >E`an st`a gr'ammata d'uo pr~wta gr'am\-mata to~u >on'omatoc, {\tt cm}, akolouje~i t`o gr'amma {\tt b}, ~inai {\bf bold} (>'entona stoiqe~ia). Par'omoia, t`o {\tt r} shma'inei {\rm roman}, t`o {\tt I} {\it italic}, t`o {\tt csc} {\sc Small Caps} (mikro\-kefa\-la~ia, t`a gnwst`a sto`uc <'ellhnec tupogr'afouc arijmo`uc s`e meriko`uc >ap`o a>uto`uc to`uc t'upouc. \exercise T`a stoiqe~ia to~u t'upou {\tt cmr12} e>~inai kat`a 20\NB{}\% megal'utera s`e m'egejoc >ap`o a>ut`a to~u t'upou {\tt cmr10}. >Ep'ishc, entol`h {\tt \\magstep\NB 1} megej'unei t`a stoiqe~ia kat`a 20\NB \%. Tup~wste <'ena ke'imeno qrhsimopoi'wntac t`on t'upo {\tt cmr12} ka`i kat'opin tup~wste t`o >'idio ke'imeno m`e t`on t'upo {\tt cmr10} megejunm'eno kat`a 20\NB{}\%. T`a >apotel'esmata j`a e>~inai diaforetik'a! \section{ut'o, j`a >exet'asoume p~wc n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume <'ena ke'imeno s`e di'a\-forec diat'axeic (morf'ec) ka`i meg'ejh. ex `h {\rm default}) diat'axeic ka`i meg'ejh, <'opwc >'eqoume >'eqoume k'anei m'eqri a>ut`o t`o shme~io. <'Omwc >ap`o >ed~w ka`i st`o >ex~hc, j`a e>'imaste k'apwc pi`o dhmiourgiko'i. Gi`a n`a katal'aboume <'omwc t'i shma'inoun di'afora meg'ejh, kal`a j`a >~htan n`a xekino'usame di\-eu\-kri\-n'izontac 'ennoiec mon'adwn. \subsection{Mon'adec, mon'adec, mon'adec} T`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a metr'hsei m'hkh s`e poll`ec diaforetik`ec mon'adec. O~inai 'intsa, t`o `h p'ika ({\rm pica}). Out~wn t~wn mon'adwn e>~inai >ant'istoiqa: {\tt in}, {\tt cm}, {\tt pt} ka`i {\tt pc}. ap`o t`hn >ex'iswsh: $1\,\rm in = 72{,}27\,\rm pt$, ka`i t`o te\-tr'a\-gwno >ap`o t`hn >ex'iswsh: $1\,\rm pc = 12\,\rm pt$\null. Sunep~wc, ~inai m'ia pol`u mikr`h mon'ada m'etrhshc m'hkouc --- per'ipou t`o m'egejoc m'iac tele'iac a>uto~u to~u >egqei\-rid'iou. <'Ena te\-tr'a\-gwno e>~inai per'ipou ap'ostash >ap`o t`hn b'ash m'iac >ar'adac 'ewc t`hn b'ash t~hc ar'adac. ik'ona merik~wn diast'asewn m'hkouc: \def\pip{\vrule height 4 true pt}% \TeXref{57} \maketable [\null] \halign{ \strut \hfil # & \quad # \hfil \cr \noalign{\smallskip} 1 >'intsa: & $\hbox to 1 true in{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr 1 allag`ec pol`u mikr~wn diast'asewn. M'alista t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai pol`u >akrib`ec st`hn m'etrhsh diast'asewn; ~inai mikr'oterh >ap`o <'ena 'intsac. >'Etsi, ent'u\-pou >exar\-t~a\-tai o>u\-sia\-sti\-k`a >ap`o t`hn e>ukr'ineia ({\rm resolution}) to~u >ektupwt~h. ak'oma mon'adec o~inai tele'iwc stajer'ec, >all`a metab'alontai >an'aloga m`e t`o m'egejoc t~wn t'upwn po`u qrhsimopoio~ume.\TeXref{60} ~inai per'ipou <'oso t`o <'uyoc ~inai per'ipou >'ish m`e t`o pl'atoc akr'ibeia, ~inai dipl'asia to~u pl'atouc ap`o t`a yhf'ia $0,\ldots,9$). T`hn di'ataxh (diast'aseic, k.lp.)\ to~u >ent'upou t`hn >el'egqoume >ep'ishc m`e l'exeic >el'egqou. T`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei poll`ec t'etoiec l'exeic >el'egqou po`u >epitr'epoun t`on pol`u >akrib`h >'elegqo to~u >apotel'esmatoc. <'Omwc, st`hn pleioyof'ia t~wn peript'wsewn merik`ec m'ono >ap`o >aut`ec >arko~un. \subsection{apotele~itai >ap`o tr'ia basik`a m'erh. T`o megal'utero m'eroc t~hc sel'idac t`o katalamb'anei t`o {\tengs s~wma\/} ({\rm body}): t`o {\tengs k'urio ke'imeno\/} m`e t`ic {\tengs Ep'anw >ap`o t`o s~wma, ent'upou, t`on t'itlo to~u kefala'iou >`h ka`i t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac; >ep'ishc ap`o mon`h s`e zug`h sel'ida. K'atw >ap`o t`ic ar'ada po`u sun'hjwc peri'eqei t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac ka`i m'onon. St`a parade'igmata po`u e>'idame >'ewc >ed~w, ~htan ken'h. T`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac perie~iqe e>'ite t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac st`o m'eso tou, e>'ite >~htan tele'iwc ken`o <'otan qrhsimopoi'hsame t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\nopagenumbers}. Periss'otera gi`a t`hn kefal`h ka`i t`o p'odi t~wn sel'idwn j`a >anaf'eroume pi`o k'atw. Pr`oc stigm'hn, >`ac >epikentr'wsoume t`hn prosoq'h mac st`o s~wma. Gi`a n`a kle'isoume m'ia sel'ida ka`i n`a xekin'hsoume m'ia n'ea, mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac: {\tt \\vfill \\eject}. el'egqou {\tt \\eject} >anagk'azei t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a epexerg'azetai, >en~w el'egqou {\tt \\vfill} to~u l'eei n`a gem'i\-sei t`o k'atw m'eroc to~u s'wmatoc m`e ken'o. (>E`an j'elete, m`hn gr'afete st`on k'wdik'a sac {\tt \\vfill} gi`a n`a de~ite p`wc j`a tentwje~i t`o ke'imeno gi`a n`a gem'isei el'egqou {\tt \\hsize}. Mpore~i n`a >allaqje~i s`e 'intsec, m`e t`hn >entol'h: {\tt \\hsize = 4\NB in} ka`i m`e mej'odouc po`u j`a perigr'ayoume pi`o k'atw. allaqje~i gi`a m'ia ka`i monadik`h par'agrafo (>ed~w >'egine 4\NB >'intsec). >Ep'ishc, mi~ac ka`i el'egqou {\tt \\hsize} e>~inai m'ia metablht'h (t`o pl'atoc to~u keim'enou), m`e >ekfr'aseic <'opwc {\tt \\hsize = 0,75\\hsize} mporo~ume n`a t`hn >all'axoume s`e sq'esh m`e t`hn pali`a tim'h thc (<'osoi >'eqoun k'anei p'ente stoiqei'wdh maj'hmata programmatismo~u j`a katal'aboun kal'utera t`hn shmas'ia a>uto~u to~u k'wdika). \par } \toindex{hsize} ant'istoiqh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`o <'uyoc to~u keim'enou e>~inai all'azetai <'opwc ka`i 'Etsi gr'afontac {\tt \\vsize = 8 in} okt`w >'intsec. >`Ac pros'exoume <'oti ~inai t`o <'uyoc to~u s'wmatoc m'onon qwr`ic n`a sumperi\-lam\-b'ano\-ntai ep'anw st`o qart`i <'opou t`hn tup'wnoume. ep'anw >arister`h gwn'ia t~hc sel'idac, dhl.\ ep'anw >arister`h gwn'ia t~hc kefal~hc thc, e>~inai s`e >ap'o\-sta\-sh m'iac >'intsac >ap`o t`hn >ep'anw >'akrh to~u qartio~u kai s`e >ap'o\-sta\-sh m'iac >'in\-tsac >ap`o t`hn >arister`h >'akrh to~u f'ullou to~u qartio~u. Oel'egqou {\tt\\hoffset} ka`i {\tt \\voffset} qrh\-simo\-poio~u\-ntai gi`a n`a >all'axoun >aut`ec oapost'aseic. P.q., m`e {\tt\\hoffset = ,75 in} ka`i {\tt \\voffset = -,5 in} 'intsec pr`oc t`a dexi`a to~u qartio~u ka`i kat`a 0,5 >'intsec pr`oc t`a >ep'anw. T`ic periss'oterec for`ec d`en j`a qreiasje~i n`a arq`h to~u k'wdik'a mac. \TeXref{251} \toindex{hoffset} \toindex{voffset} \global\advance\footnotenum by 1 \maketable [L'exeic >el'egqou gi`a t`ic diast'aseic t~hc sel'idac] \halign{ \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad #\hfil\cr \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Arqik`h tim`h to~u {\bf \TeX\ (in)} \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} Ex ap'ostash $1\,\rm in$ >ap`o t`hn koruf`h to~u qartio~u, ka`i s`e >ap'ostash $1\,\rm in$ >ap`o t`hn >arister`h >'akrh to~u qartio~u.} \nobreak \exercise 'eqei merik`ec >ar'adec. >Anti\-gr'ay\-te a>ut`h t`hn par'agrafo merik`ec for`ec ka`i b'alte pr`in >ap`o t`hn pr'wth {\tt \\hsize = 5\NB in} ka`i {\tt \\hsize = 10\NB cm} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn de'uterh. Dokim'aste merik`ec >ak'oma tim`ec st`o {\tt \\hsize}. \exercise B'alte {\tt \\hoffset = ,5 in\ } ka`i {\tt \\voffset = 1 in} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn pr'wth par'agrafo t~hc prohgo'umenhc >'askhshc. \exercise B'alte {\tt \\vsize = 2 in} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn pr'wth par'agrafo t~hc prohgo'umenhc >'askhshc. St`hn prohgo'umenh par'agrafo e>'idame <'oti mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume diaforetik`a meg'ejh t'upwn qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\magstep}. E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`h ent'upou mac monomi~ac. >E`an j'esoume {\tt \\magnification = \\magstep\NB 1} st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika, t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o >'entup'o mac n`a megejunje~i <'olo kat`a 20\NB \%\null. 'allec tim`ec {\tt \\magstep}. el'egqou {\tt \\magnification} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i m'onon st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika, pr`in t`o {\bf \TeX} sunant'hsei >'estw ka`i <'enan qarakt'hra gi`a stoiqeioj'ethsh.} A>ut`h E`an <'olo t`o ke'imeno e>~inai n`a megejunje~i kat`a 20\NB \% ka`i >'eqoume 'entupo j`a >'eqei pl'atoc 5 >'intsec, >`h j`a megejunje~i kat`a 20\NB{}\% s`e 6 >'intsec? >E`an d`en l'aboume t`a kat'al\-lhla m'etra, m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\magnification} <'olec o'intsec. S`e merik`ec peript'wseic a>ut`o mpore~i n`a e>~inai >epijumht'o, <'omwc sun'hjwc allag`h <'olwn t~wn diast'asewn e>~inai >anepij'umhth. Gi`a par'adeigma, mpore~i n`a j'eloume n`a >af'hsoume 3 >'intsec >akrib~wc keno~u q'wrou gi`a n`a >enj'esoume kat'opin <'ena sq~hma. St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut'h, k'aje di'astash po`u d`en j'eloume n`a >all'axei pr'epei n`a t`hn ar'adwn (dhl.\ t`o pl'atoc to~u keim'enou) j`a parame'inei 5 >'intsec >anex'arthta >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\magnification}.\TeXref{59--60} \toindex{magnification} \exercise B'alte {\tt \\magnification = \\magstep 1} st`hn pr'wth gram\-m`h t~wn >arqe'iwn sac ka`i de~ite t`o >apot'elesma. \subsection{ut`o shma'inei <'oti mporo~ume n`a >'eqoume pl'hrh >'elegqo t~hc di'ataxhc (t~hc morf~hc) t~hc paragr'afou; <'omwc apaito~un >idia'iterh prosoq'h. E>'idame >'hdh p~wc m`e t`o {\tt \\hsize} mporo~ume n`a >el'egqoume t`o pl'atoc t~hc paragr'afou. >All'a, >`ac 'iqame gr'ayei: \beginuser \\hsize = 5 in Four score and seven years $\vdots$ from this earth. \\hsize = 6,5 in \enduser Poi'o e>~inai t`o pl'atoc t~hc paragr'afou? arq`h t~hc paragr'afou, ka`i kat'opin >epanor'isjhke st`o t'eloc thc. >Ef'' <'oson ~iqe `h to~u {\tt \\par} st`on k'wdika), j`a stoiqeiojethje~i s'umfwna m`e t`hn teleuta'ia tim`h pl'atouc, dhl.\ m`e pl'atoc 6,5 >'intsec. <'Opwc, >e`an ~htan 5 >'intsec. Bl'epoume loip'on, <'oti k'aje par'agrafoc stoiqeiojete~itai m`e t`ic tim`ec t~wn param'etrwn po`u e>~inai o'eqei diab'asei t`o {\rm \TeX}. Arqik`h tim`h to~u {\bf \TeX} \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} pl'atoc & \\hsize & 6,5 >'intsec \cr >od'ontwsh pr'wthc >ar'adac & \\parindent & 20 stigm'ec\cr >ap'ostash metax`u >ar'adwn (di'astiqo) & \\baselineskip & 12 stigm'ec\cr >ap'ostash metax`u paragr'afwn & \\parskip & 0 stigm'ec\cr } \par \toindex{parindent} \toindex{parskip} \toindex{baselineskip} el'egqou {\tt \\noindent} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i st`hn >arq`h m'iac paragr'afou gi`a t`hn >apofug`h t~hc {\tengs >od'ontwshc} (t~hc >eswterik~hc metat'opishc, >`h st`hn >Agglik`h {\rm indentation}) t~hc pr'wthc >ar'adac. A>ut`h entol`h j`a >ephre'asei m'ono t`hn morf`h t~hc paragr'afou st`hn Antij'etwc, j'etontac {\tt \\parindent = 0\NB{}pt} <'olec oent'upou d`en j`a >'eqoun >od'ontwsh. \toindex{noindent} {\narrower <'Enac pi`o e>'ukoloc tr'opoc gi`a n`a >el'egxoume t`o pl'atoc m'iac paragr'afou e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\rightskip} ka`i {\tt \\leftskip}. >'Etsi, j'etontac {\tt \\leftskip = 20 pt}, t`o >arister`o perij'wrio t~hc paragr'afou megal'wnei kat`a e>'ikosi stigm'ec. >E`an j'eloume t`o >arister`o perij'wrio n`a mikr'unei ka`i epe\-ktaje~i >ekt`oc to~u >aristero~u <'or'iou t~hc sel'idac, d`en >'eqoume par`a n`a arnhtik`h tim`h gi`a t`hn di'astash {\tt \\leftskip}. Paromo'iwc, >all'azontac t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\rightskip}, kajor'izoume t`o dexi`o <'orio t~hc paragr'afou. el'egqou {\tt \\narrower} d'inei t`o >'idio >apot'elesma <'opwc >e`an e>'iqame 'isec m`e t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\parindent}. A>ut`o e>~inai suqn`a qr'hsimo gi`a t`hn par'ajesh makr~wn dane'iwn qwr'iwn --- ~inai <'ena par'adeigma. <'Opwc sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`o {\tt \\hsize}, <'otan 'oyh tou t`ic pi`o pr'osfatec tim`ec t~wn {\tt\\leftskip} ka`i {\tt\\rightskip} gi`a n`a t`hn stoiqeiojet'hsei. \TeXref{100} \par } \toindex{leftskip} \toindex{rightskip} \toindex{narrower} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste d'uo paragr'afouc m`e t`ic >ex~hc diast'aseic: t`o >arister`o perij'wrio ka`i t~wn d'uo paragr'afwn e>~inai megal'utero kat`a 1,5 >'intsec >ap`o t`o perij'wrio to~u <'olou >ent'upou; t`o dexi`o perij'wrio t~hc pr'wthc paragr'afou e>~inai kat`a 0,75 t~hc >'intsac megal'utero >ap`o a>ut`o to~u >ent'upou; ka`i t`o dexi`o perij'wrio t~hc de'uterhc paragr'afou e>~inai megal'utero s`e s'ugkrish m`e a>ut`o to~u >ent'upou kat`a 1,75 >'intsec. \bigskip \def\hangparagraph{% Oar'adec (>`h >alli~wc {\tengs st'iqoi\/}) m'iac paragr'afou mporo~un n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un s`e diaforetik`a m'hkh qrhsimopoi'wntac t`ic l'e\-xeic >el'eg\-qou {\tt \\hangindent} ka`i {\tt \\hangafter}. T`o m'egejoc ka`i o\-d'o\-ntw\-shc t~wn >ar'adwn >exart~wntai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hangindent}. >E`an t`o {\tt \\hangindent} e>~inai jetik'o, od'o\-ntw\-sh g'inetai >a\-p`o t`a >arister'a; >e`an e>~inai >ar\-nh\-ti\-k'o, od'ontwsh g'inetai >a\-p`o t`a dexi'a. T`o poi'ec >ar'adec metatop'izontai kat`a t`hn >od'ontwsh >exart~atai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hangafter}. >E`an t`o {\tt \\hangafter} e>~inai jetik'o, t'ote ar'adec >ap`o t`hn >arq`h t~hc paragr'afou j`a >'eqoun pl~hrec pl'atoc (<'opwc a>ut`o kajor'izetai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}). >'Etsi, >e`an >'eqoume {\tt \\hangindent = 1,75\NB in} ka`i {\tt \\hangafter =\NB{}6}, t'ote oar'adec j`a >'eqoun pl~hrec pl'atoc, >en`w gi`a t`ic arister`o pe\-ri\-j'wrio j`a e>~inai kat`a 1,75 >'intsec megal'utero. >Ap`o t`hn >'al\-lh me\-ri'a, >e`an >'eqoume {\tt \\hangindent = \hbox{-1,75}\NB{}in} ka`i {\tt \\hangafter = -6}, t'ote oar'adec j`a >'eqoun >arister`o perij'wrio megal'utero kat`a 1,75 >'intsec >ap`o t`ic 'eqoun pl~hrec pl'atoc. T`o {\rm \TeX} >epano\-r'izei {\tt \\hangindent = 0\NB{}pt} ka`i {\tt \\hangafter = 1} met`a t`o t'eloc k'a\-je para\-gr'a\-fou. A>ut`ec oel'egqou e>~inai >idia'itera qr'hsimec gi`a paragr'afouc m`e >od'ontwsh, kaj`wc ka`i gi`a paragr'afouc oap`o sq'hmata >`h e>ik'onec. \TeXref{355}% J'etontac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hang} st`hn >ar\-q`h t~hc paragr'afou, ar'ada j`a bge~i st`o pl~hrec pl'atoc thc, >en~w o'eqoun >arister`o perij'wrio megal'utero kat`a t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\parindent}.\TeXref{102} e\-nto\-l`h {\tt \\noindent} >e`an j'eloume ar'ada n`a m`hn >'eqei >od'ontwsh. \par} \hangafter=6 \hangindent=1.75in \hangparagraph \toindex{hangindent} \toindex{hangafter} \toindex{hang} el'egqou {\tt \\parshape} mporo~ume n`a ak'oma l'exh >el'egqou pol`u qr'hsimh gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia paragr'afwn e>~inai ka`i arister`h >od'ontwsh (megal'utero >arister`o perij'wrio) <'osh ka`i epipl'eon ar'ada t~hc paragr'afou shmei'wnetai m`e <'o,ti >'eqoume gr'ayei >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn. Sun'hjwc el'egqou {\tt \\item} qrhsimopoie~itai m`e {\tt \\parskip = 0 pt}, >epeid`h a>ut`h el'egqou kajor'izei t`hn katak'orufh >ap'ostash metax`u diaforetik~wn >antikeim'enwn >en`oc kata\-l'o\-gou. el'egqou {\tt \\itemitem} m~ac d'inei t`o >'idio >apot'elesma <'opwc ka`i od'ontwsh e>~inai dipl'asia, dhl.\ d'uo for`ec megal'uterh >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt\\parindent}.\TeXref{102} apot'elesma to~u parade'igmatoc e>~inai: \vskip\baselineskip \vbox{{\parskip = 0pt \parindent = 30 pt \rm \noindent Answer all the following questions: \item{(1)} What is question 1? \item{(2)} What is question 2? \item{(3)} What is question 3? \itemitem{(3a)} What is question 3a? \itemitem{(3b)} What is question 3b? }} \exercise arket~wn >ar'adwn ka`i qrhsimopoi~hste t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\item} gi`a n`a de~ite t'i shma'inei >od'ontwsh. Kat'opin stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >'idia par'a\-gra\-fo m`e diaforetik`ec tim`ec {\tt \\parindent} ka`i {\tt \\hsize}. \bigskip Ka`i t'wra >`ac do~ume p~wc el'egqou {\tt \\parskip} qrhsi\-mo\-poie~itai gi`a t`on kajorism`o to~u keno~u diast'hmatoc metax`u t~wn paragr'afwn. >'Etsi loip'on, >e`an gr'ayoume {\tt \\parskip = 12\NB pt} st`hn >arq`h to~u >arqe'iou {\rm\TeX}, ap'ostash metax`u t~hc b'ashc m'iac paragr'afou ka`i t~hc koruf~hc t~hc ~inai 12 stigm`ec s`e <'olo t`o >'entupo (>ekt`oc >e`an >epanor'isoume s`e k'apoio Ep'ishc m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vskip} mporo~ume n`a j'esoume pr'osjeto ken`o di'asthma metax`u d'uo paragr'afwn. P.q., m`e {\tt \\vskip 1\NB{}in} prosj'etoume ken`o di'asthma m'iac >'intsac metax'u d'uo paragr'afwn, >en~w me {\tt \\vskip 20\NB{}pt} prosj'etoume ken`o di'asthma e>'ikosi stigm~wn. E`an j'esoume {\tt \\vskip 3 in} ka`i t`o >epi\-pl'e\-on ken`o di'asthma xekin~a d'uo >'intsec >ap`o t`o t'eloc t~hc sel'idac, t'ote {\tengs d`en\/} j`a prosteje~i m'ia >'intsa keno~u diast'hmatoc st`hn >arq`h t~hc 'alla l'ogia, {\tengb el'eg\-qou} {\tt \\vskip} {\tengb d`en prosj'etei katak'akorufo ken`o di'asthma metax`u d'uo suneq'omenwn se\-l'i\-dwn}. M'alista, entol`h {\tt \\vskip\NB{}1\NB{}in} d`en j`a >'eqei kan'ena >apot'elesma >e`an >emfanisje~i st`hn koruf`h m'iac sel'idac! St`ic periss'oterec peript'wseic, a>ut`o e>~inai pol`u swst'o. Gi`a par'adeigma, pr`in >ap`o k'aje t'itlo paragr'afou, sun'hjwc j'etoume l'igo parap'anw katak'orufo ken`o di'asthma, <'omwc a>ut`o t`o di'asthma d`en pr'epei n`a e`an ap`o t`hn koruf`h t~hc sel'idac. <'Ena par'omoio fain'omeno sumba'inei ka`i st`hn >arq`h to~u keim'enou. >E`an j'eloume, p.q., ent'upou mac n`a br'isketai st`o m'eso t~hc sel'idac, d`en mporo~ume n`a prosj'esoume katak'orufo ken`o di'asthma qrhsimopoi'wntac {\tt \\vskip}. <'Omwc p~wc j`a kataf'ername k'ati t'etoio? J`a mporo'usame n`a xekin'hsoume t`hn sel'ida m`e <'ena {\tt\\\sp} >all`a a>ut`o j`a m~ac dhmiourg'hsei m'ia ken`h par'agrafo. Ka`i >'etsi, par''\NB{}<'oti a>ut`h epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma >ex ait'iac t~wn {\tt \\baselineskip} ka`i {\tt \\parskip}. M'ia e>ukol'wterh l'ush e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vglue} >ant`i t~hc {\tt \\vskip}. >'Etsi j'etontac {\tt \\vglue 1\NB{}in} j`a l'aboume katak'orufo ken`o di'asthma m'iac >'intsac st`hn koruf`h t~hc sel'idac.% \TeXref{352} \toindex{vglue} Ka`i mi~ac ka`i t`o >'efere ak'oma pi`o genik`h m'ejodoc gi`a n`a prosj'esoume k'ati (ken`o di'asthma, ke'imeno, k.lp.)\ st`hn koruf`h t~hc sel'idac m`e t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\topinsert} ka`i {\tt \\endinsert}. >E`an gr'a\-you\-me {\tt \\topinsert $\ldots$ \\endinsert} s`e m'ia sel'ida to~u k'wdika, t`o emfanisje~i st`o >ep'anw m'eroc t~hc sel'idac --- >e`an beba'iwc t`o {\rm\TeX} bre~i <'oti ~inai pol`u qr'hsimo gi`a t`hn >'enjesh sqhm'atwn:% \TeXref{115} \toindex{topinsert} \toindex{endinsert} \vbox{ \beginuser \\topinsert \\vskip 1 in \\centerline\lb Figure 1\rb \\endinsert \enduser } T'eloc, idik`ec l'exeic >el'egqou gi`a mikr`a katak'orufa ken`a dia\-st'h\-mata. A>ut`ec e>~inai: {\tt \\smallskip}, {\tt \\medskip} ka`i {\tt \\bigskip}. ap`o a>ut`a t`a ken'a: \smallskip \def\hrl{\hrule width .5 in} \centerline{{\tt \\smallskip}: \vbox{\hrl \smallskip \hrl} \quad {\tt \\medskip}: \vbox{\hrl \medskip \hrl} \quad {\tt \\bigskip}: \vbox{\hrl \bigskip \hrl} } \toindex{smallskip} \toindex{medskip} \toindex{bigskip} \subsection{ar'adac} St`a periss'otera ke'imena, t`o {\rm\TeX} t`a kataf'ernei >arket`a kal`a m`e t`hn kop`h t~wn >ar'adwn s`e paragr'afouc. <'Omwc, merik`ec for`ec e>~inai >anagka~io n`a to~u d'wsoume k'apoiec para\-p'anw 'Etsi e>~inai dunat`o n`a prokal'esoume t`hn >ap'otomh kop`h m'iac >ar'adac ka`i t`hn sun'eqish to~u keim'enou st`hn ar'ada, j'etontac st`on k'wdika: {\tt \\hfill \\break}. E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a dhmiourg'hsoume m'ia >ar'ada po`u n`a >ekte'inetai >ap`o t`o <'ena >'akro t~hc sel'idac >'ewc t`o >'allo m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\line\lb $\ldots$\rb}; >'etsi t`o ke'imeno po`u >'eqei grafe~i >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn j`a tentwje~i <'wste n`a katal'abei m'ia >ar'ada (par''\NB{}<'oti t`o >apot'elesma mpore~i n`a e>~inai a>isjhtik`a >apar'adekto). Oel'egqou {\tt \\leftline\lb $\ldots$\rb}, {\tt \\rightline\lb $\ldots$\rb} ka`i {\tt \\centerline\lb $\ldots$\rb} qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a n`a dhmiourghje~i m`e t`o ke'imeno >ent`oc >agkul~wn m'ia >ar'ada po`u j`a e>~inai >ant'istoiqa kollhm'enh st`o >arister`o >'akro t~hc sel'idac (>arister`h sto'iqish), kollhm'enh st`o dexi`o >'akro t~hc sel'idac (dexi`a sto'iqish), >`h topo\-jeth\-m'enh st`o k'entro t~hc sel'idac (k'entrwsh). Kat''\NB{}a>ut`on t`on tr`opo, ex~hc t'esseric >ar'adec: \vskip\baselineskip %%%%%% supress underfulls reported \hbadness = 10000 {\rm \leftline{I'm over on the left.} \centerline{I'm in the \center.} \rightline{I'm on the right.} \line{I just seem to be spread out all over the place.} } >'Allou e>'idouc ken`a diast'hmata >ent`oc >ar'adwn mporo~ume n`a l'aboume m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hfil}. A>ut`h el'egqou prokale~i t`hn sugk'etrwsh <'olou to~u keno~u diast'hmatoc m'iac >ar'adac st`o shme~io <'opou br'isketai. >E`an >all'axoume t`on k'wdika to~u teleuta'iou parade'igmatoc s'e: {\tt \\line\lb I just seem to be spread out \\hfil all over the place.\rb}, t`o >apot'e\-le\-sma j`a e>~inai: \hfil\break \medskip {\rm \line{I just seem to be spread out \hfil all over the place.} } \medskip >E`an gr'ayoume periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia for`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hfil}, t`o ken`o di'asthma t~hc >ar'adac moi\-r'a\-ze\-tai s`e >'isa m`erh metax`u t~wn {\tt \\hfil}. >'Etsi, ar'ada:\hfil\break {\rm \line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil \centre{} \hfil right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn ar'ada >'etsi <'wste t`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn (({\rm left})) ka`i (({\rm right-\centre{}})) n`a e>~inai dipl'asio >ap`o a>ut`o metax`u t~wn l'exewn (({\rm right-\centre{}})) ka`i (({\rm right})):\hfil\break {\rm \line{left \hfil \hfil right-\centre{} \hfil right} } >Ak'oma, e>~inai dunat`o n`a prosj'esoume ent`oc m'iac >ar'adac qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hskip} kat`a tr'opo >an'alogo m`e t`hn per'iptwsh to~u {\tt \\vskip}. \toindex{hskip} \exercise T'i sumba'inei m`e t`on parak'atw k'wdika?\hfil\break {\tt \\line\lb\\hskip 1 in ONE \\hfil TWO \\hfil THREE\rb} \bigskip \hbadness = 1000 %%%%%%% restore original \hbadness >E`an j'eloume k'apoiec sel'idec >`h ka`i <'olo t`o >'entup'o mac n`a m`hn e>~inai stoiqism'eno (>alli~wc, {\tengs n`a m`hn >'eqei perasi'a\/}) >ap`o t`hn dexi`a pleur'a, d`en >'eqoume par`a n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\raggedright}. \toindex{raggedright} T'eloc, m'ia >ak'oma pol`u qr'hsimh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia poihm'atwn >`h k'wdika programm'atwn e>~inai isoduname~i m`e t`hn <'uparxh m'iac l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt\\par} st`o t'eloc k'aje gramm~hc; >'etsi t`o {\rm\TeX} >anagk'azetai n`a k'obei k'aje >ar'ada >akrib~wc st`o shme~io <'opou k'obetai ant'istoiqh gramm`h to~u k'wdik'a mac. J`a pr'epei <'omwc n`a e>'imasje prosektiko`i ka`i n`a perikle'ioume t`o po'ihm'a mac m`e >agk'ulec, giat`i diaforetik`a <'oloc Ep'ishc, j`a pr'epei n`a ~inai ~inai n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdika: {\tt \\footnote\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. T`o s'umbolo t~hc agk'ulec: merik`a >ap`o t`a pl'eon kat'allhla s'umbola po`u diaj'etei t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a ~inai t'a: {\tt \\dag (\dag)}, {\tt \\ddag (\ddag)}, {\tt \\S (\S)} ka`i {\tt \\P (\P)}\null. T`o ke'imeno t~hc an'amesa st`ic d'uo de'uterec >agk'ulec. arijmhm'enwn ~inai l'igaki pi`o pol'uplokh. Gi`a par'adeigma, am'eswc met`a t`hn l'exh ((ut`oc 'iswc m~ac fa'inetai k'apwc pol'uplokoc, >all`a j`a t`on katal'aboume kal'utera m'olic >anaferjo~ume st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn keim'enwn. Pr`oc stigm'hn, >`ac t`on deqjo~ume 'eqei, mi~ac ka`i k'anei t`hn doulei'a tou. >Ak'oma, >e`an j'eloume n`a e>'imaste s'igouroi <'oti eme~ic j'eloume, mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume m'ia >entol`h >allag~hc t'upou, p.q., {\tt \\rm} gi`a latinik`a stoiqe~ia t'upou {\rm roman}, st`hn >arq`h to~u keim'enou t~hc ~htan n`a m`hn >af'hnoume ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt \\footnote} ka`i t~hc prohgo'umenhc l'exhc to~u k'uriou keim'enou --- diaforetik'a, t`o shme~io t~hc ~inai ((xekr'emasto)).% \TeXref{117} \toindex{footnote} \toindex{dag} \toindex{ddag} \toindex{S} \toindex{P} \exercise arket~wn >ar'adwn. \exercise ar'adec t~wn t'itlwn ka`i t~wn >arijm~wn t~wn sel'idwn po`u mpa'inoun st`o >ep'anw >`h t`o k'atw m'eroc to~u s'wmatoc (dhl.\ st`hn kefal`h >`h t`o p'odi), dhmiourgo~untai ant'istoiqa.% \TeXref{252--253} arq`h t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac kefal~hc >`h podio~u st`hn sel'ida mac e>~inai 'idia m''\NB a>ut`hn t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac >ar'adwn m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\line\lb $\dots$\rb}\null. M'ia pol`u qr'hsimh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`hn per'iptwsh ~inai ka`i ~inai <'enac metrht`hc po`u katagr'afei t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac. >'Etsi arijm`o t~hc sel'idac st`o dex'i thc >'akro (t'wra koit'axte st`hn >ep'anw dexi`a gwn'ia t~hc sel'idac). % \headline={\hfil \rm Page \the\pageno} %example for this page % E>~inai pi`o >asfal`ec n`a akri\-b~wc s`e poi'on t'upo j'eloume n`a stoiqeiojethje~i `h t`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac, giat`i >alli~wc mpore~i n`a brejo~ume pr`o >ekpl'hxewn! (St`hn per'iptwsh to~u parade'igmatoc, gr'ayame {\tt \\rm} gi`a n`a bge~i el'egqou {\tt \\the} pa'irnei t`hn tim`h ep'ishc n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\folio}, >ant`i to~u k'wdika {\tt \\the \\pageno}. ekt'upwsh to~u >arijmo~u t~hc sel'idac e>~inai <'oti t`o {\tt \\folio} j`a d'wsei latiniko`uc >arijmo`uc (p.q., {\rm iii}, {\rm xiv}, k.lp.)\ <'otan ~inai >arnhtik'h. \toindex{headline} \toindex{footline} \toindex{pageno} \toindex{the} \toindex{folio} >E`an j'eloume o'eqoun t`hn sunhjism'enh >ar'ijmhsh, t'ote mporo~ume n`a arijmo`uc t~wn sel'idwn e`an d'wsoume >arnhtik`ec tim`ec st`on metrht`h t~wn sel'idwn. P.q., j'etontac {\tt \\pageno=-1} st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika, oarijmo`i <'olwn t~wn sel'idwn to~u >ent'upou j`a bgo~un `h zug`ec sel'idec, s'umfwna m`e t`on >ak'oloujo tr'opo: {\tt \\headline=\lb\\ifodd \\pageno \lb\dots\rb \\else \lb\dots\rb\\fi\rb} \noindent <'opou t`o ke'imeno po`u br'isketai >ent`oc t~wn d'uo pr'wtwn >agkul~wn qrhsimopoie~itai ent`oc t~wn de'uterwn >agkul~wn arister~wn sel'idwn. \exercise >All'axte t`o p'odi ent'upou sac >'etsi <'wste n`a peri'eqei st`o k'entro t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac >an'amesa s`e d'uo 'adeia pla'isia} \nobreak M'ia >ap`o t`ic pl'eon >ekneuristik`ec >empeir'iec po`u >'eqoun <'oloi o~inai emf'anish x'eqeilwn ({\rm overfull}) ka`i >'adeiwn ({\rm underfull}) {\tengs kouti~wn\/} >`h {\tengs plais'iwn}. Gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX}, <'ena pla'isio e>~inai <'ena noht`o parallhl'ogramo qwr`ic arqe~io {\tt .log}, kaj`wc >ep'ishc m~ac t`a de'iqnei ka`i st`hn >oj'onh >ef'' <'oson t`o pr'ogramma tr'eqei al\-lhlo\-epi\-dr'on. T`o xeqe'ilisma to~u keim'enou p'era >ap`o t`o dexi`o <'orio t~hc sel'idac shmei'wnetai ka`i st`o >'entup'o mac m`e mikr`o ma~uro parallhl'ogrammo (s`an a>ut'o:\NB{}\vrule width \overfullrule $\,$) st`o dex`i perij'wrio. T`o shm'adi a>ut`o mpa'inei >'estw ka`i >`an d`en ~inai loip`on a>ut`o t`o shm'adi ka`i p~wc mporo~ume n`a t`o >apof'ugoume? <'Enac kal`oc tr'opoc gi`a n`a katal'aboume p~wc t`o {\rm \TeX} fti'aqnei m'ia sel'ida e>~inai n`a jewr'hsoume <'oti t`o kajet`i po`u tup'wnetai st`hn sel'ida e>~inai <'ena >orjog'wnio parallhl'ogrammo pla'isio ({\rm box}). id~wn noht`a pla'isia gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX}, t`a >apokalo'umena {\sl hbox\/} ka`i {\sl vbox}. T`ic periss'oterec for'ec, t`a pr~wta >antistoiqo~un st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia keim'enou s`e ar'adec, >en~w t`a de'utera s`e paragr'afouc po`u topojeto~untai katak'orufa ep'anw st`hn >'allh. Sunep~wc, t`o antistoiqe~i s`e m'ia >ar'ada to~u >ent'upou e>~inai >aut`o po`u prokale~i t`hn >emf'anish to~u\NB{}\vrule width \overfullrule$\,$. >`Ac jumhjo~ume <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'azei pr~wta m'ia ar'adec. A>ut`h epexergas'ia ka`i stoiqeiojes'ia 'eqei k'apoio sugkekrim'eno skop'o; >e`an t`o {\rm \TeX} di'abaze ka`i stoiqeiojeto~use m'ia >ar'ada t`hn for'a, t'ote m'ia mikr`h belt'iwsh t~hc paro'usac >ar'adac mpore~i n`a kat'elhge s`e kak`h stoiqeioj'ethsh m'iac >'allhc >ar'adac l'igo pi`o k'atw st`hn >'idia par'agrafo. <'Otan loip`on t`o {\rm \TeX} topojete~i t`ic l'exeic m'iac >ar'adac t`hn m'ia d'ipla st`hn >'allh, b'azei metax'u touc k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >'etsi <'wste n`a g'inei swst`h sto'iqish to~u keim'enou st`o dex`i perij'wrio. Profan~wc, d`en e>~inai >epijumht`o t`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn n`a e>~inai pol`u meg'alo; t`o p'oso >'asqhmh e>~inai emf'anish t~hc >ar'adac (st`hn gl'wssa to~u {\rm \TeX}: {\rm badness}), >exart~atai >ap`o t`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn. <'Ena >'adeio ({\rm underfull}) {\rm hbox}, shma'inei <'oti e`an ut`oc gi`a m'ia >ar'ada e>~inai 0, ar'ada a>ut`h e>~inai t'eleia; >e`an e>~inai 10000, ar'ada e>~inai >apa'isia. arqik'h thc tim`h e>~inai 1000\null. ar'ada m`e bajm`o {\rm badness} megal'utero >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hbadness} j`a >anaferje~i E`an arijm`oc t~wn {\rm underfull hbox} po`u j`a m~ac >anaf'erei t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a >elattwje~i. M'alista, >e`an j'esoume {\tt \\hbadness = 10000}, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en j`a m~ac >anaf'erei kan'ena {\rm undefull hbox}. Kat`a tr'opo par'omoio, >e`an oar'adac pr'epei n`a strimwqjo~un ka`i ar'ada >ekte'inetai >ent`oc to~u dexio~u perijwr'iou, dhmiourge~itai <'ena x'eqeilo ({\rm overfull}) {\rm hbox}. \toindex{hbadness} T`o {\rm \TeX} >epitr'epei merik`ec for`ec oar'adec n`a >ekte'inontai kat`a t`i >ent`oc to~u dexio~u perijwr'iou, dhl.\ n`a >'eqoun pl'atoc megal'utero >ap`o t`hn tim`h {\tt \\hsize}, prokeim'enou ~inai pi`o 'omorfh). el'egqou {\tt \\tolerance} kajor'izei t`o p'ote sumba'inei a>ut'o. >E`an ar'adac e>~inai megal'uteroc >ap`o t`hn tim`h {\tt \\tolerance}, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a k'anei t`hn >ar'ada megal'uterh prosj'etontac m'ia n'ea l'exh st`o t'eloc t~hc >ar'adac, >'estw ka`i >`an a>ut`o k'anei t`o pl'atoc t~hc >ar'adac megal'utero >ap`o t`o {\tt \\hsize}. M'ia >ar'ada po`u t`o pl'atoc thc m'olic xepern~a t`o {\tt \\hsize} d`en j`a >anaferje~i >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. el'egqou {\tt\\hfuzz} e>~inai a>ut`h po`u kajor'izei p'oso >epitr'epetai t`o pl'atoc m'iac >ar'adac n`a xepern~a t`o {\tt\\hsize}. arqik`h tim'h thc e>~inai: {\tt \\hfuzz =\NB{}0,1\NB{}pt}. M'ia >ar'ada po`u e>is'erqetai periss'otero >ap`o {\tt \\hfuzz} st`o dexi`o perij'wrio dhmiourge~i pr'oblhma; t`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac t`o de'iqnei b'azontac t`o shm'adi\NB{}\vrule width\overfullrule$\,$. E>~inai dunat`o n`a >apof'ugoume t`hn parous'ia t~wn x'eqeilwn {\rm hbox}, megal'wnontac t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\tolerance}. M`e {\tt \\tolerance = 10000}, d`en j`a do~ume pot`e t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a paraponi'etai gi`a {\rm overfull box}. arqik`h tim`h to~u {\tt \\tolerance} e>~inai 200.% \TeXref{29} \toindex{hfuzz} \toindex{tolerance} T`o pl'atoc to~u shmadio~u \vrule width \overfullrule\ kajor'izetai m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\overfullrule}. apofe'ugoume t`hn >emf'anish a>ut~wn t~wn >enoqlhtik~wn shmadi~wn. T`a x'eqeila pla'isia j`a parame'inoun; m'ono po`u j`a e>~inai pi`o d'uskolo n`a t`a >ento\-p'i\-soume. \toindex{overfullrule} E>'idame loip`on gi`a poi'o l'ogo >emfan'izontai x'eqeila >`h >'adeia pla'isia. E>'idame >ep'ishc <'oti mporo~ume n`a k'anoume t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a stamat'hsei t`a par'apona >all'azontac t`ic tim`ec t~wn {\tt \\badness}, {\tt \\hfuzz} ka`i {\tt \\tolerance}. >Epipl'eon, m'ia mikr`h tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}, profan~wc, k'anei pi`o d'uskolh t`hn t`hn kop`h t~wn >ar'adwn ka`i prokale~i periss'otera probl'hmata m`e x'eqeila ka`i >'adeia pla'isia. S`e <'olec t`ic peript'wseic m`e problhmatik`a pla'isia t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei k'apoiec proeidopoi'hseic po`u mporo~ume ka`i n`a t`ic >agno'hsoume, <'omwc t`o kr'ima j`a e>~inai <'olo dik'o mac! Bohj'wntac l'igo st`on sullabism`o t~wn l'exewn, mporo~ume n`a >apof'ugoume 'adeia pla'isia. T`o {\rm \TeX} gnwr'izei pol`u kal`a p~wc n`a sullab'izei >agglik`ec l'exeic (ka`i >'iswc k'apoiec m`h >agglik'ec). <'Omwc e>~inai dunat`o >eme~ic n`a epitr'epetai ar'adac. Gi`a par'adeigma, ut'omatoc mhqanism`oc sullabismo~u to~u {\rm \TeX} pot`e d`en j`a k'oyei t`hn l'exh {\rm database}. >E`an <'omwc gr'ayoume t`hn l'exh a>ut`h st`on k'wdik'a mac ut`h t`hn l'exh met`a t`o de'utero (({\rm a})). Genik'wtera, >e`an gr'ayoume st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika {\tt \\hyphenation\lb data-base\rb}, t'ote s`e <'olec t`ic emfan'iseic t~hc l'exhc {\rm database} t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a gnwr'izei p~wc n`a k'anei t`on swst`o sullabism'o thc.\TeXref{28} T`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} de'iqnei <'ola t`a pijan`a shme~ia sullabismo~u t~hc >ar'adac >eke'inhc <'opou >em\-fa\-n'i\-sjhke <'ena pr'oblhma {\rm overfull} >`h {\rm underfull}. Merik`ec for'ec, ka`i k'apoiec mikroallag`ec st`o ke'imeno bohjo~un st`hn >apofug`h t'etoiwn problhm'atwn. \toindex{hyphenation} ed~w, peristr'afhke g'urw >ap`o t`o j'ema t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac >ar'adwn s`e paragr'afouc. Par'omoia m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >ar'adwn, g'inetai ka`i ep'anw st`hn >'allh gi`a t`hn dhmiourg'ia t~hc sel'idac. Kat`a sun'epeia, t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a paraponeje~i gi`a x'eqeila >`h >'adeia katak'orufa pla'isia ({\rm vbox}), <'opwc j`a parapono~utan gi`a x'eqeila >`h >'adeia anaferje~i st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} el'egqou {\tt \\vbadness} e>~inai t`o >an'alogo t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt \\hbadness} gi`a t`hn katak'orufh topoj'ethsh paragr'afwn, k.lp. \toindex{vbadness} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste merik`ec paragr'afouc m`e di'aforec (mikr`ec >`h meg'alec) tim`ec {\tt \\hsize}, gi`a n`a de~ite t'i e>~idouc x'eqeila {\rm hbox} j`a s~ac parousiasto~un. >Epa\-na\-l'a\-be\-te t`hn >'askhsh m`e di'aforec tim`ec t~wn {\tt \\hbadness}, {\tt \\hfuzz} ka`i {\tt \\tolerance}. \section{$\Bigl\{$S'unola, $\bigl\{$`h {\tengs `h {\tengs topik`a ped'ia dr'ashc\/} po`u diakr'inontai >ap`o k'apoio >idia'itero koin`o qarakthristik`o (p.q., t'upoc stoiqe'iwn) e>~inai k'ati po`u ergas'ia t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac. <'Omwc t'i e>~inai >akrib~wc <'ena s'unolo gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX}? >`Ac xekin'hsoume l'egontac <'oti <'ena n'eo s'unolo st`on k'wdik'a mac >arq'izei m`e t`on qarakt'hra {\tt\lb} (t`o >arister`o >'agkistro) ka`i telei'wnei m`e t`on qarakt'hra {\tt\rb} (t`o dexi`o >'agkistro). <'Opoiec >all'agec ka`i n`a k'anoume >ent`oc 'eqoun ka\-m'ia >ep'idrash m'olic t`o s'unolo kle'isei. P.q., >e`an st`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} gr'ayoume {\tt \lb \\bf three boldface words\rb}, t`o pr~wto >'agkistro arq`h to~u sun'olou, el'egqou {\tt\\bf} diat'azei t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >arq'isei n`a stoiqeiojete~i s`e >'entonouc t'upouc ({\rm boldface}), ka`i t`o de'utero >'agkistro kle'inei t`o s'unolo. M`e t`o kle'isimo to~u sun'olou, t`o {\rm \TeX} stamat~a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia s`e >'entonouc t'upouc ka`i suneq'izei st`on >'idio t'upo po`u qrhsimopoio~use pr`in t`hn >arq`h to~u sun'olou. A>ut`oc e>~inai ukol'wteroc tr'opoc gi`a n`a k'anoume parembol`ec st`o ke'imen'o mac m`e diaforetik`o t'upo (pl'agia, >'entona, k.lp.)\null. E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`on n`a >'eqoume <'ena s'unolo ak'oma par'adeigma, >`ac do~ume p~wc g'inontai k'apoiec proswrin`ec >allag`ec s`e diast'aseic to~u >ent'upou. Gr'a\-fo\-ntac loip`on t`a >ak'olouja st`on k'wdik'a mac \beginuser \lb \\hsize = 4 in \\parindent = 0 pt \\leftskip = 1 in \\TeX\\ will produce a paragraph that is four $\vdots$ (this is an easy mistake to make). \\par \rb \enduser \noindent j`a l'aboume m'ia par'agrafo pl'atouc 4 >ints~wn m`e >od'ontwsh m'iac >'intsac s`e <'olo t`o <'uyoc thc (ka\-ja\-r`o pl'atoc >ar'adac 3 >'intsec). ~inai o>usiastik`a agglik`h gl'wssa, >apotele~i <'ena par'adeigma. M`e t'eloc to~u sun'olou, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a suneq'isei n`a stoiqeiojete~i t`ic paragr'afouc po`u >akoloujo~un st`ic dia\-st'a\-seic po`u >'hxere pr`in sunant'hsei t`o s'unolo. <'Omwc prosoq'h: gi`a n`a l'aboume t`o swst`o >apot'elesma, pr'epei n`a gr'a\-you\-me {\tt \\par} >`h n`a >af'hsoume m'ia ken`h gramm`h st`on k'wdik'a mac pr`in t`o >'agkistro {\tt\rb} po`u kle'inei t`o s'unolo. Dia\-fore\-tik`a t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a stoiqeiojet'hsei ka`i t`hn par'agrafo >ent`oc to~u sun'olou st`ic prohgo'umenec diast'aseic po`u >'hxere pr`in diab'asei t`o s'unolo (e>~inai e>'ukolo n`a m~ac xef'ugei <'ena t'etoio l'ajoc). {\hsize = 4 in \parindent = 0 pt \leftskip = 1 in \rm \TeX\ will produce a paragraph that is four inches wide with the text offset into the paragraph by one inch regardless of the settings in effect before the start of the group. This paragraph is set with those values. After the end of the group, the old settings are in effect again. Note that it is necessary to include {\tt \\par} or to use a blank line before the closing brace to end the paragraph, since otherwise the group will end and \TeX{} will go back to the old parameters before the paragraph is actually typeset (this is an easy mistake to make). \par} <'Otan m'ia l'exh el'egqou (<'opwc {\tt \\centerline}) prohge~itai 'agkistra, t'ote t`o ke'imeno a>ut`o >apotele~i <'ena s'unolo. >'Etsi, gr'afontac {\tt \\centerline\lb\\bf A bold title\rb} dhmiourgo~ume m'ia kentrarism'enh >ar'ada s`e >'entonouc t'u\-pouc, >en~w t`o ke'imeno po`u >akolouje~i met`a >ap`o a>ut`h t`hn >ar'ada j`a bge~i st`on t'upo po`u qrhsi\-mo\-poio'usame pr`in t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\centerline}. T`o ken`o s'unolo {\tt\lb\rb} e>~inai >ep'ishc pol`u qr'hsimo. Mporo~ume n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a tup'wsoume tonik`a shme~ia qwr`ic t`hn parous'ia k'apoiou gr'ammatoc. Gi`a par'adeigma, entol`h {\tt \\\~{}\lb\rb} m~ac d'inei m'ia perispwm'enh qwr`ic k'apoio gr'amma k'atw >ap'' a>ut'hn. >Ak'oma, t`o ken`o s'unolo mpore~i n`a stamat'hsei t`o {\rm \TeX} >ap`o t`o n`a ((tr'wei)) suneq'omena ken`a diast'hmata. Gr'a\-fo\-ntac loip'on, {\tt I use \\TeX\lb\rb{} all the time}, lamb'anoume <'ena ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o log'otupo {\rm\TeX}\null. A>ut`oc e>~inai <'enac >enallaktik`oc tr'opoc gi`a n`a j'etoume ken`a diast'hmata ('alloc tr'opoc e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt \\\sp} <'opwc k'aname st`o kef'alaio\NB{}1.)% \TeXref{19--21} `h ka`i periss'otera s'unola mpore~i n`a g'inei >ak'oma ka`i st`hn m'esh m'iac l'exhc, p.q., <'otan ut`h peri'eqei tonism'enouc qarakt~hrec. Sunep~wc, gr'afontac st`on k'wdika e>'ite {\tt soup\\c\sp con} e>'ite {\tt soup\\c\lb c\rb on}, st`o >'entupo lamb'anoume t`hn l'exh {\rm soup\c{c}on}. \exercise >All'axte t`ic diast'aseic m'iac paragr'afou qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >id'ea to~u sun'olou. \exercise Oe`an ka`i m'onon >e'an)) ({\rm if and only if}). St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h e>~inai protim'wtero t`o pr~wto ka`i t`o de'utero (({\rm f})) n`a m`hn ~inai pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeq'asoume <'ena >ap`o t`a d'uo >'agkistra, sun'hjwc t`o dex'i. T`o >apot'elesma mpore~i n`a e>~inai katastrofik'o; >e`an do~ume <'olo t`o >'entupo n`a bga'inei s`e pl'agiouc t'upouc, >ant`i p.q.\ {\rm roman}, t'ote k'apou >'iswc n`a >'eqoume >af'hsei <'ena >'agkistro qwr`ic ta'iri. >E`an ant'istoiqo {\tt\rb}, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a paraponeje~i: {\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 1)}. >Ant'ijeta, <'ena {\tt\rb} qwr`ic ta'iri j`a k'anei t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a dia\-mar\-turh\-je~i ex~hc: {\tt! Too many \rb's.} apof'ugoume t`o mp'erdema m`e t`a >'agkistra s`e pol'uploka s'unola: St`on k'wdik'a mac gr'afoume t`o >arister`o >'agkistro s`e m'ia xeqwrist`h gramm`h m'ono tou ka`i >ep'ishc gr'afoume t`o dex`i >'agkistro m'ono tou s`e m'ia gramm'h. <'Otan dhmiourgo~ume n'ea ent`oc to~u >arqiko~u sun'olou, gr'afoume >ep'ishc t`a >'agkistra k'aje ep'ishc s`e xeqwrist`ec gramm'ec, >all`a >'oqi st`hn pr'wth j'esh t~hc gramm~hc; mporo~ume n`a dhmiourg'hsoume m'ia >od'ontwsh (p.q., m`e t`o pl~hktro {\rm TAB})\null. >Epipl'eon, mporo~ume n`a metakin'hsoume t`o ke'imeno po`u perikle'ioun a>ut`a t`a >'agkistra l'igo pr`oc t`o >eswterik`o t~hc gramm~hc <'opwc st`o parak'atw par'adeigma: \beginuser \obeyspaces \lb \ This text belongs to the first group. \ $\vdots$ \ \lb \ This text belongs to the first subgroup. \ $\vdots$ \ \rb \rb \enduser \noindent >'Etsi t`a >'agkistra to~u k'wdik'a mac g'inontai pi`o e>udi'akrita. M'alista, >e`an t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc po`u qrhsimopoio~ume e>~inai l'igo pi`o >'exupno, >'iswc n`a mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume pr~wta t`o ze~ugoc t~wn >agk'istrwn ka`i met'a, metax`u t~wn >agk'istrwn, t`o ke'imeno m`e a>ut'omath >od'ontwsh. \exercise St`o kef'alaio 2, >all'axame t'upo m`e t`hn >ak'oloujh m'ejodo: {\tt I started with roman type, \\it switched to italic type, \\rm and returned to roman type}. N`a k'a\-ne\-te t`o >'idio, qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >id'ea to~u sun'olou. \section{Majhmatik`a qwr`ic >'agqoc!} T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai t`o >idanik`o >ergale~io gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >ent'upwn po`u peri'eqoun majhmatiko`uc t'upouc >`h >ekfr'aseic. Oekfr'aseic mpore~i n`a e>~inai poll~wn e>id~wn ka`i >arket`a pol'uplokec, >all`a t`o {\rm \TeX} t`ic >epexerg'azetai >aristoteqnik`a k'anontac dunat`h t`hn paragwg`h majhmatik~wn >ent'upwn >exairetik~hc poi'othtac. >E`an pr'okeitai n`a ut`o j`a do~ume <'olec t`ic basik`ec >entol`ec po`u j`a qreiasjo~ume s`e 'entupa m`e l'igouc >`h kaj'olou majhmatiko`uc sumbolismo'uc; t'ote oakoloujo~un e>~inai m'allon >arket`ec gi`a t`ic >an'agkec mac. \subsection{Poll`a n'ea s'umbola} Oekfr'aseic e>is'agontai >ent`oc to~u kanoniko~u keim'enou kat`a d'uo tr'opouc: mpore~i na mpo~un {\tengs >ent`oc st'iqou}, ar'adwn keim'enou l'ogou, >`h ent`oc ar'adwn kanoniko~u keim'enou. T`o >apot'elesma st`hn topoj'ethsh ka`i t`a diast'hmata metax`u t~wn sumb'olwn j`a e>~inai s`e k'aje per'iptwsh diaforetik'o. ent`oc st'iqou >ex'iswsh $\sum_{k=1} ^{\infty} {1\over k^2} = {\pi^2\over6}$ d`en de'iqnei t`o >'idio <'otan mpa'inei Ef'' <'oson t`a diast'hmata ka`i oekfr'aseic diaf'eroun >arket`a >ap`o a>ut`a po`u qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a ke'imeno l'ogou, pr'epei n`a d'wsoume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a katal'abei p'ote >'eqei n`a stoiqeiojet'hsei m'ia majhmatik`h >'ekfrash >ant`i keim'enou l'ogou. A>ut`o g'inetai qrhsimopoi'wntac st`on k'wdika t`o s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou {\tt\$}. E>idik'wtera, m'ia majhmatik`h >'ekfrash po`u stoiqeiojete~itai >ent`oc st'iqou, t`hn gr'afoume st`on k'wdika perikle'iontac thn m`e mon`a dol'aria: {\tt\$$\ldots$\$}\null. >E`an t`hn perikle'isoume metax`u dipl~wn dolar'iwn: {\tt\$\$$\ldots$\$\$}, j`a stoiqeiojethje~i 'Etsi ent`oc st'iqou, >en~w ekfr'aseic t'oso >ent`oc st'iqou <'oso ka`i kentrwm'enec >el'egqontai >ap'oluta >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T`o n`a prosj'esoume ken`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika d`en j`a >'eqei kan'ena >apo\-t'e\-lesma. Ka`i >e`an j'eloume n`a b'aloume k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >`h k'apoio ke'imeno l'ogou st`hn m'esh m'iac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc? Mporo~ume n`a b'aloume k'apoio ke'imeno l'ogou >ent`oc m'iac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc j'etont'ac to s`e <'ena {\rm hbox}: {\tt \\hbox\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. A>ut`o e>~inai pol`u qr'hsimo gi`a kentrwm'enec majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic. Kat`a t`on tr'opo a>ut'o, 'ekfrash (($x=y+1 \hbox{ \rm whenever } y=x-1$)) stoiqeiojete~itai m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$x=y+1 \\hbox\lb\ whenever \rb y=x-1\$}. >`Ac pros'exoume t`a diast'hmata ent`oc t~wn >agk'istrwn. Sun'hjwc d`en qrei'azetai n`a b'azoume ken`a diast'hmata >ent`oc majhmatik~wn sumbolism~wn, >all`a st`hn pe\-r'i\-ptw\-sh po`u a>ut`o e>~inai >apara'ithto oakolouj'iec >el'egqou j`a m~ac k'anoun t`hn doulei'a.% \TeXref{167} \maketable [Prosj'hkh diasthm'atwn s`e majhmatiko`uc t'upouc] \halign{ \strut \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil\tt# \hfil \quad & \hbox to 2cm{\hrulefill\vrule height 8pt#\vrule height 8pt\hrulefill} \cr >Onomas'ia & \tengr >Akolouj'ia el'egqou & $\gets$M~hkoc$\to$\cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} dipl`o tetr'agwno & \\qquad &\qquad \cr &$\>$\cr mikr`o di'asthma & \\, &$\,$\cr >arnhtik`o mikr`o di'asthma & \ \\!\ &$\!$\cr } \toindex{quad} \toindex{qquad} \toindex{\sp} \toindex{;} \toindex{>} \toindex{,} \toindex{!} >E`an parathr'hsoume prosektik`a t`o mikr`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma, j`a do~ume <'oti s`e >ant'ijesh m`e t`a >'alla diast'hmata, t`a d'uo <'oria to~u diast'hmatoc >allhlo\-epikal'u\-ptontai. A>ut`o sumba'inei giat`i t`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma e>~inai >ant'ijethc kate'ujunshc, dhl.\ >en~w <'olec o'allec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou a>ux'anoun t`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u d'uo sumb'olwn, t`o mikr`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma t`o >elatt'wnei >'estw ka`i >`an prokale~itai >allhlo\-epi\-k'aluyh t~wn sumb'olwn. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$\null. Pros'exte t`a diast'h\-ma\-ta st`on paronomast'h. \bigskip St`on k'wdika, metax`u t~wn sumb'olwn {\tt \$} po`u perikle'ioun k'apoio majhmatik`h >'ekfrash d`en pr'epei n`a 'ekfrash >apotele~i m'ia par'agrafo ka`i <'oti m'ia ken`h gramm`h shma'inei n'ea par'agrafo. Sunep~wc, j`a m~ac d'wsei m'h\-nu\-ma sf'almatoc. A>ut`h idiotrop'ia to~u {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >arket`a qr'hsimh, giat`i <'ena >ap`o t`a pi`o suqn`a sf'almata st`on k'wdika e>~inai n`a parale'ipetai t`o de'utero s'umbolo {\tt \$} (>`h {\tt \$\$}) po`u kle'i\-nei t`hn majhmatik`h >'ekfrash (s'igoura j`a k'anoume toul'aqiston m'ia for`a a>ut`o t`o l'ajoc kaj`wc maja'i\-noume t`o {\rm\TeX})\null. >E`an t`o {\rm\TeX} >ep'etrepe periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia paragr'afouc metax`u t~wn sumb'olwn {\tt \$}, t'ote xeqn'wntac <'ena de'utero {\tt\$}, j`a prokalo'usame t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <'olou to~u 'ekfrashc. Oekfr'aseic e>is'agontai kat`a t`on >'idio tr'opo e>'ite >ent`oc st'iqou e>'ite exair'eseic po`u >aforo~un m'onon t`ic diakrit`ec >ekfr'aseic, <'opwc t`hn katak'orufh sto'iqish pollapl~wn t'upwn ka`i t`hn >ar'ijmhsh >exis'wsewn st`o dexi`o >`h t`o >arister`o perij'wrio, j`a t`ic suzht'hsoume st`o t'eloc to~u kefala'iou. Kat`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn >emfan'izontai poll`a n'ea s'umbola. T`a peris\-s'otera >ap`o t`a s'umbola to~u plhktrolog'iou mporo~un n`a qrhsimopoihjo~un <'opwc >'eqoun. T`a s'umbola {\tt + - / * = ' | < > (} ka`i {\tt)} e>is'agontai <'ola <'opwc >'eqoun. - \> / \> * \> = \> ' \> | < \> > \> ( \> )$. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ex'iswsh $a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ >ent`oc st'iqou ka`i ex'iswsh $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ >ent`oc st'iqou ka`i 'alla s'umbola d'inontai akolouj'iec >el'egqou. P.q., t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei <'olouc to`uc el'egqou. Para\-k'a\-tw d'inetai <'enac p'inakac m`e t`a ut'a, <'opwc j`a do~ume st`o kef'alaio\NB{}10, e>~inai kat'allhla m'ono gi`a majhmatik`a ka`i >'oqi gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia ex'iswsh $\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ >ent`oc st'iqou ka`i ent`oc st'iqou ka`i ex'iswsh. Merik`ec for`ec >ep'anw >ap`o t`a s'umbola >`h ka`i k'atw >ap`o a>ut`a topojeto~untai k'apoia diakritik`a shme~ia >`h t'onoi. Oel'egqou gi`a t`hn >'enjesh a>ut~wn t~wn shme'iwn e>~inai diaforetik`ec >ap`o t`ic >ant'istoiqec gi`a t`on tonism`o qarakt'hrwn kanoniko~u keim'enou. Oakolouj'iec el'egqou gi`a tonism`o kanoniko~u keim'enou d`en qrhsimopoio~untai st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn ka`i >antistr'ofwc.% \TeXref{135--136} \maketable [Tonik`a shme~ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn] \halign{ \strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} \hat o & \\hat o & \check o & \\check o & \tilde o & \\tilde o \cr \acute o & \\acute o & \grave o & \\grave o & \dot o & \\dot o \cr \ddot o & \\ddot o &\breve o & \\breve o & \bar o & \\bar o \cr \vec o & \\vec o & \widehat {abc} & \\widehat \lb abc\rb & \widetilde {abc} & \\widetilde \lb abc\rb\cr } \toindex{hat} \toindex{check} \toindex{tilde} \toindex{acute} \toindex{grave} \toindex{dot} \toindex{ddot} \toindex{breve} \toindex{bar} \toindex{vec} \toindex{widehat} \toindex{widetilde} St`hn antike'imena gi`a n`a d'wsoun <'ena tr'ito >antike'imeno. arijmo`uc ka`i d'inoun <'enan tr'ito >arijm'o, >'ara pr'okeitai gi`a duadiko`uc telest'ec. <'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} stoiqeiojete~i <'enan duadik`o telest'h, prosj'etei l'igo parap'anw ken`o di'asthma >arister`a ka`i dexi'a tou. ap`o to`uc diaj'esimouc duadiko`uc telest'ec:% \TeXref{436} \maketable [Duadiko`i telest`ec] \halign{ \strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} \cdot & \\cdot &\times & \\times &\ast & \\ast &\star & \\star \cr \circ & \\circ & \bullet & \\bullet & \div & \\div & \diamond & \\diamond \cr \cap & \\cap & \cup & \\cup & \vee & \\vee & \wedge & \\wedge \cr \oplus & \\oplus &\ominus & \\ominus & \otimes &\\otimes &\odot &\\odot \cr } \toindex{cdot} \toindex{times} \toindex{ast} \toindex{star} \toindex{circ} \toindex{bullet} \toindex{div} \toindex{diamond} \toindex{cap} \toindex{cup} \toindex{vee} \toindex{wedge} \toindex{oplus} \toindex{ominus} \toindex{otimes} \toindex{odot} Suqn`a maz`i m`e to`uc duadiko`uc telest'ec, qrhsimopoie~itai ka`i 'elleiyh, dhl.\ >aposiwphtik`a po`u el'egqou {\tt \\cdots} prokale~i m'ia katak'orufh metat'opish t~hc >'elleiyhc <'wste o'idio 'axona summetr'iac m`e to`uc 'Etsi loip'on, m`e t`on kwdik`o {\tt \$a + \\cdots + z\$}, lamb'anoume $a + \cdots + z$. akolouj'ia >el'egqou {\tt \\ldots} d`en >anuy'wnei t`hn >'elleiyh >all`a t`hn j'etei >ep'anw st`hn gramm`h b'ashc to~u majhmatiko~u t'upou; >'etsi idi'othta d'uo majhmatik~wn >antikeim'enwn. Gnwr'izoume >'hdh p~wc n`a de'ixoume <'oti d'uo >antike'imena e>~inai >'isa, >`h p~wc n`a de'ixoume <'oti <'enac >arijm`oc e>~inai megal'uteroc >`h mikr'oteroc 'allou >arijmo~u (>ef'' <'oson t`a >apara'ithta s'umbola arnhtik`h sq'esh, gr'afoume st`on k'wdika t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\not} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn sq'esh. ak'oma diaj'esima majhmatik`a s'umbola:% \TeXref{435--438} \maketable [Di'afora majhmatik`a s'umbola] \halign{ \strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} \aleph & \\aleph & \ell & \\ell & \Re & \\Re & \Im & \\Im \cr \partial & \\partial & \infty & \\infty & \| & \\| & \angle & \\angle \cr \nabla & \\nabla & \backslash &\\backslash & \forall & \\forall & \exists & \\exists \cr \neg & \\neg & \flat & \\flat & \sharp & \\sharp & \natural & \\natural \cr } \toindex{aleph} \toindex{ell} \toindex{Re} \toindex{Im} \toindex{partial} \toindex{infty} \toindex{|} \toindex{angle} \toindex{nabla} \toindex{backslash} \toindex{forall} \toindex{exists} \toindex{neg} \toindex{flat} \toindex{sharp} \toindex{natural} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. S`e <'ola t`a prohgo'umena parade'igmata, mporo~ume n`a parathr'hsoume <'oti t`a stoiqe~ia po`u qrhsimopoio~untai a>utom'atwc >ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX} gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn e>~inai pl'agia--kalligrafik'a ({\rm italic}). A>ut`o g'inetai gi`a n`a xeqwr'izei t`o ap`o t`a ma\-jh\-ma\-ti\-k`a s'umbola ka`i to`uc sunduasmo'uc touc. P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika: {\tt \$I\$ is the product \$i s\$, where \$i\$ is the current density and \$s\$ the cross-cut area}, lam\-b'a\-nou\-me: {\rm $I$ is the product $is$, where $i$ is the current density and $s$ the cross-cut area}. >Arke~i n`a do~ume t`hn >'idia fr'ash m`e t`a s'umbola $I$, $i$ ka`i $s$ stoiqeiojethm'ena >'oqi m`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a, >all`a m`e >'orjia stoiqe~ia {\rm roman}, gi`a n`a katal'aboume t`hn diafor'a: {\rm I is the product $\rm i s$, where i is the current density and s the cross-cut area}. 'allwn e>id~wn stoiqe~ia gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn. Gi`a par'adeigma, t`a qhmik`a s'umbola ka`i o'orjiouc qarakt~hrec. >Ep'ishc, o'orjiouc qarakt~hrec. >'Allote p'ali, o'entona kefala~ia. T`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a >all'azoume grammatoseir`a >ak'oma ka`i st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn. >'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika: {\tt\$\\rm R = 8.2054\\, J\\, mol\^{}\lb-1\rb\\, K\^{}\lb-1\rb \$}, lamb'anoume t`hn pagk'osmia sta\-je\-r`a t~wn >aer'iwn: $\rm R = 8.2054\, J\, mol^{-1}\,K^{-1}$\null. Paromo'iwc, ak'oma grammatoseir`a m`e kalligrafik`a kefala~ia <'opwc ${\cal A}, \ldots, {\cal Z}$\null. T`hn grammatoseir`a t~wn kalligrafik~wn kefala'iwn mporo~ume n`a t`hn qrhsimopoi'hsoume {\tengs m'onon\/} gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn (dhl.\ >ent`oc {\tt\$$\ldots$\$} >`h >ent`oc {\tt\$\$$\ldots$\$\$}) ka`i t`hn kalo~ume m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\cal}. >'Etsi m`e {\tt\$\lb\\cal N\rb = 0\rb\$}, lamb'anoume: ${\cal N} = 0$. \toindex{cal} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\rm Si + C \to SiC$\null. (el'egqou {\tt\\to} gi`a n`a l'abete t`o b'eloc pr`oc t`a dexi'a.) \toindex{to} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The number sets are: $\bf N \in Q \in R \in C$.} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The Laplace transform of a constant $c$ is ${\cal L} (c) = c / s$.} \subsection{Kl'asmata} 'ite 'ite idik`ec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou; >arke~i n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \$1/2\$}\null. St`hn de'uterh per'iptwsh <'omwc qrhsimopoie~itai el'egqou {\tt \\over}: {\tt\lb $<${\tengs >arijmht`hc\/}$>$ \\over $<${\tengs paronomast'hc\/}$>$\rb}\null. Gr'afontac loip`on {\tt \$\$\lb a+b \\over c+d\rb.\$\$} lamb'anoume:% \TeXref{139--140} \toindex{over} $${a+b\over c+d}.$$ \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo: ${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c} \quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over \partial y} f(x,y) = 0$?} \subsection{De~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec} Oekj'etec e>~inai e>'ukolo n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. O~inai de'ikthc >`h >ekj'ethc >ant'istoiqa. >'Etsi ap`o <'enan qarakt'hra m`e t`hn morf`h de'ikth >`h >ekj'eth, >arke~i n`a to`uc kle'isoume m`e >'agkistra s`e <'ena s'unolo. P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$x\^{}\lb 21\rb\$} lamb'anoume $x^{21}$ ka`i m`e {\tt \$x\_{}\lb 21\rb\$}, $x_{21}$\null. >`Ac pros'exoume <'oti oekj'etec stoiqeiojeto~untai a>ut'omata s`e t'upouc mikr'oterou meg'ejouc. `h >ekj'eth to~u >ekj'eth, k.lp. D`en mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \$x\_{}2\_{}3\$} >epeid`h k'ati t'etoio mpore~i n`a >'eqei dipl`h shmas'ia, dhl.\ {\tt \$x\_{}\lb 2\_{}3\rb\$} >`h {\tt \$\lb x\_{}2\rb\_{}3\$}, m`e d'uo diaforetik`a >apotel'esmata: $x_{2_3}$ ka`i ${x_2}_3$, >ek t~wn ~inai ut'o, e>~inai sk'opimo n`a qrhsimopoio~ume >'agkistra gi`a n`a perigr'ayoume pollapl'a (<'osa j'eloume) >ep'ipeda deikt~wn ka`i >ekjet~wn.% \TeXref{128--130} Gi`a n`a j'esoume de~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec st`o >'idio s'umbolo, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn {\tt \_{}} ka`i t`hn {\tt \^{}} m`e 'Etsi e>'ite m`e {\tt \$x\_{}2\^{}1\$} e>'ite m`e {\tt\$x\^{}1\_{}2\$}, lamb'anoume $x_2^1$. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a ajro'ismata) ka`i t`a ak'oma par'omoia >efarmog`h e>~inai ka`i ekfr'asewn m`e <'oria. Mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\\lim\_\lb n\\to \\infty\rb (\lb n+1 \\over n\rb)\^{}n = e\$}, gi`a n`a l'aboume $\lim_{n\to \infty} ({n+1\over n})^n = e$. \toindex{lim} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ak'oloujh >ex'iswsh: $\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. } \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. \bigskip 'omorfa `ac pros'exoume t`hn diafor`a metax`u to~u $\int_0^x f(t) dt$ ka`i to~u $\int_0^x f(t)\, dt$\null. St`hn de'uterh per'iptwsh 'etsi fa'inetai kal'utero. 'egine gr'afontac {\tt\\,} met`a t`o {\tt f(t)} st`on k'wdika. \toindex{,} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo 'allec} el'egqou {\tt \\sqrt\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. >'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\\sqrt\lb x\^{}2+y\^{}2\rb\$} j`a l'aboume $\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$\null. >`Ac pros'exoume <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} front'izei t`o p~wc j`a mpo~un t`a s'umbola, poi'o j`a e>~inai t`o <'uyoc ka`i poi'o t`o m~hkoc to~u riziko~u. Gi`a kubik`ec >`h >'allou bajmo~u r'izec qrhsimopoio~ume t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\root} ka`i {\tt \\of}. Gi`a n`a l'aboume $\root n \of {1+x^n}$, pr'epei n`a gr'ayoume t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\\root n \\of \lb1+x\^{}n\rb\$}.% \TeXref{130--131} \toindex{root} \toindex{sqrt} M'ia >enallaktik`h l'ush gi`a e>idik`ec peript'wseic e>~inai ka`i el'egqou {\tt \\surd}; gr'afo\-ntac {\tt \$\\surd 2\$} j`a l'aboume $\surd 2$. \toindex{surd} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a >ak'olouja: $\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. \subsection{Gramm'ec, p'anw ka`i k'atw} Gi`a n`a j'esoume ep'anw >`h k'atw >ap`o majhmatik`a s'umbola, gr'afoume t`on k'wdika {\tt \\overline\lb$\ldots$\rb} >`h {\tt \\underline\lb$\ldots$\rb} >ant'istoiqa. Kat`a t`on tr'opo a>ut'o, m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\\overline\lb x+y\rb=\\overline x + \\overline y\$} lamb'anoume $\overline{x+y}=\overline x + \overline y$\null. >All`a >`ac parathr'hsoume <'oti oep'anw >ap`o t`a s'umbola e>~inai s`e diaforetik`a <'uyh, gi''\NB{}a>ut`o qrei'azetai l'igh prosoq'h. Gr'afontac {\tt \\overline\lb\\strut x\rb} ep'anw >ap`o t`o $x$ j`a metakinhje~i >ak'oma l'igo pi`o p'anw.\TeXref{130--131}\toindex{overline}\toindex{underline} ant'istoiqoc k'w\-di\-kac gi`a ~inai: {\tt \\underbar\lb$\dots$\rb}. \toindex{underbar} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a >ak'olouja: $\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. \subsection{~inai oagk'ulec ka`i t`a >'agkistra. <'Opwc >'eqei >'hdh >anaferje~i, gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt [ ] \\\lb\ \\\rb\ ( )} lamb'anoume to`uc ]\>\{\>\}\>(\>)\>$. Merik`ec for'ec, m`e anagnwsim'othta t~wn majhmatik~wn, <'opwc p.q. $$\bigl(a\times(b+c)\bigr) \bigl((a\times b)+c\bigr).$$ Gi`a megal'uterouc >aristero`uc el'egqou {\tt \\bigl}, {\tt \\Bigl}, {\tt \\biggl} ka`i {\tt \\Biggl} >empr`oc >ap`o a>uto`uc. Par'omoia, m`e t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\bigr}, {\tt \\Bigr}, {\tt \\biggr} ka`i {\tt \\Biggr} lamb'anoume meg'alouc dexio`uc 'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\\Bigl[ \\ldots \\Bigr]\$} pa'irnoume $\Bigl[ \ldots \Bigr]$\null.\TeXref{145--147} ak'oma n`a >af'hsoume t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >apofas'isei m'ono tou t`o m'egejoc t~wn empr`oc >ap`o a>uto'uc.\TeXref{148} >'Etsi 'eqei apot'elesma oap`o >agk'ulec kat'allhlou meg'ejouc. {\tengb Prosoq'h:} gi`a k'aje {\tt \\left} pr'epei n`a ant'istoiqo {\tt \\right} (>'estw ki >`an ari\-ste\-r`oc ~inai <'omoioc m`e t`on dexi'o). Gi`a par'adeigma, idik`ec sunart'hseic} idik`ec sunart'hseic po`u parousi'azontai suqn`a st`a majhmatik'a. S`e m'ia >ex'iswsh <'opwc (($\sin^2x + \cos^2x = 1$)) o'eqoun stoiqeiojethje~i 'oqi s`e pl'agia stoiqe~ia. A>ut`oc e>~inai ent`oc idik`h sun'arthsh (p.q., {\rm cos}) ka`i >'oqi t`o gin'omeno tri~wn metablht~wn (p.q., $ c o s$)\null. Oel'egqou {\tt \\sin} ka`i {\tt \\cos} j'etoun a>ut'omata to`uc swsto`uc qarakt~hrec st`on majhmatik`h >'ekfrash.\TeXref{162} ut~wn ka`i merik~wn >'al\-lwn e>idik~wn sunart'hsewn: \maketable [E>idik`ec majhmatik`ec sunart'hseic] \halign{ \strut \tt {\\}#\hfil && \quad \tt {\\}#\hfil \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} sin & cos & tan & cot & sec & csc & arcsin & arccos \cr arctan & sinh & cosh & tanh & coth & lim & sup & inf \cr limsup & liminf & log & ln & lg & exp & det & deg \cr dim & hom & ker & max & min & arg & gcd & Pr \cr } \toindex{sin} \toindex{cos} \toindex{tan} \toindex{cot} \toindex{sec} \toindex{csc} \toindex{arcsin} \toindex{arccos} \toindex{arctan} \toindex{sinh} \toindex{cosh} \toindex{tanh} \toindex{coth} \toindex{lim} \toindex{sup} \toindex{inf} \toindex{limsup} \toindex{liminf} \toindex{log} \toindex{ln} \toindex{lg} \toindex{exp} \toindex{det} \toindex{deg} \toindex{dim} \toindex{hom} \toindex{ker} \toindex{max} \toindex{min} \toindex{arg} \toindex{gcd} \toindex{Pr} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta \quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C \qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 \qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ \subsection{>Ako'usate, >ako'usate!} idik`h {\tengs makroentol'h\/} (>`h {\sl macro\/}) ~inai qr'hsimh gi`a k'aje majhmatik`h dhmos'ieush. Pr'okeitai gi`a t`hn makroentol`h {\tt\\proclaim}. Qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a jew\-r'h\-mata, sumper'asmata, prot'aseic, k.lp. akolouje~i ken`o di'asthma; t`o de'utero m'eroc e>~inai t`o id'ea p'isw >ap`o a>ut`o t`o t'eqnasma e>~inai <'oti t`o pr~wto m'eroc pr'epei n`a e>~inai k'ati <'opwc (({\rm Theorem 1.}))\ >`h (({\rm Corollary\NB{}B.}))\null. T`o de'utero m'eroc e>~inai t`o perieq'omeno to~u jewr'hmatoc >`h to~u sumper'asmatoc. Gi`a par'adeigma, m`e t`on k'wdika: \toindex{proclaim} \beginliteral \proclaim Theorem 1 (H.~G.~Wells). In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. @endliteral \noindent lamb'anoume \proclaim Theorem 1 (H.\NB G.\NB Wells). In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. Fusik'a, t`o perieq'omeno to~u jewr'hmatoc mpore~i n`a peri'eqei ka`i majhmatik`a s'umbola. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: \nobreak \proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: \nobreak \proclaim Proposition 1. $\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq {1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. \subsection{Majhmatik`ec parat'axeic} el'egqou {\tt \\cr}\null. Gi`a n`a >arq'isoume loip`on t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia agk'istrwn mpa'inoun oek t~wn ap`o t`o perieq'o\-me\-no t~wn geito\-ni\-k~wn thc sthl~wn (st`hn >'idia gramm'h) m`e t`on qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt \&}\null. Gi`a n`a g'inoume pi`o katanohto'i, ut`oc d'inei $$\pmatrix{ a & b & c & d \cr b & a & c+d & c-d \cr 0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr 0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr }.$$ \toindex{pmatrix}% >`Ac pros'exoume <'oti k'aje st'hlh to~u parap'anw p'inaka e>~inai kentrwm'enh m`e l'igo di'asthma dexi`a ka`i >arister'a. E>~inai dunat`h `h arister`h sto'iqish t~wn sthl~wn qrhsimopoi'wntac kat'allhla t`o {\tt \\hfill}\null, <'opwc, p.q., st`o ~inai dunat`o n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume majhmatik`ec parat'axeic m`e diaforetiko`uc ant`i to~u {\tt \\pmatrix}, >afairo~untai o'etsi mporo~ume n`a j'esoume <'opoion ut`oc ak'oma n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\left.}\ >`h/ka`i {\tt \\right.}\ gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume <'oti ari\-ste\-r`oc >`h/ka`i entol`ec stoiqeiojes'iac pin'akwn to~u {\rm \TeX} gi`a t`hn parak'atw >ex'iswsh $$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ x & x \ge 0 \cr -x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ \noindent ex'iswsh t~hc parap'anw >'askhshc, >all`a ka`i >'alloi par'omoioi t'upoi mporo~un n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un >ep'ishc m`e t`hn makroentol`h {\tt \\cases}.\TeXref{175} P.q., 'endeixh para\-lei\-po\-m'enwn sumb'olwn. Oakolouj'iec >el'egqou {\tt\\cdots}, {\tt\\vdots} ka`i {\tt\\ddots} qrhsi\-mo\-poio~u\-ntai gi`a >'enjesh ant'istoiqa. >'Etsi mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume \beginliteral $$ \left [ \matrix{ aa & \cdots & az \cr \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr za & \cdots & zz \cr } \right ] $$ @endliteral \noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume $$ \left [ \matrix{ aa & \cdots & az \cr \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr za & \cdots & zz \cr } \right ] $$ Mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume p'inakec ka`i >ent`oc st'iqou, >all`a t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai m'allon >'asqhmo. \subsection{Diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec >exis'wseic} \nobreak M'eqri t'wra, <'ola <'osa >anaf'erjhkan sqetik`a m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn >efar\-m'o\-zo\-ntai t'oso gi`a >ekfr'aseic >ent`oc st'iqou <'oso ka`i gi`a >ekfr'aseic diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec. >Ed~w j`a m'ajoume merik`a pr'agmata po`u >efarm'ozontai m'onon s`e diakrit`ec >exis'wseic. T`o pr~wto pr'agma e>~inai ekfr'asewn (p.q., >exis'wsewn) po`u katalamb'anoun poll`ec >ar'adec. A>ut`o g'inetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt \&} ka`i t`ic >akolouj'iec >el'egqou {\tt \\cr} ka`i {\tt \\eqalign}. Xeki\-n'w\-ntac m`e {\tt \$\$\\eqalign\lb$\dots$\rb\$\$}, gr'afoume t`ic >exis'wseic po`u pr'okeitai n`a stoiqhjo~un ex'iswsh pr'epei n`a mpa'inei ka`i <'ena {\tt \&} gi`a n`a dhl'wnetai is'othtac, par'' <'oti a>ut`o d`en e>~inai p'anta exis'wseic mporo~ume n`a t`ic >arijm'hsoume st`o dexi`o >`h st`o >arister`o perij'wri'o touc. >E`an gr'ayoume {\tt\\eqno} s`e m'ia >ex'iswsh >ent`oc plais'iou st`on k'wdik'a mac, t'ote <'o,ti br'isketai met`a >ap`o a>ut`h t`hn l'exh >el'egqou metatop'izetai pr`oc t`o dexi`o perij'wrio. >'Etsi m`e {\tt \$\$ x+y=z.\ \\eqno (1)\$\$}, t`o >apot'elesma e>~inai $$ x+y=z. \eqno (1)$$ Gi`a n`a >arijm'hsoume m'ia >ex'iswsh st`o >arister`o perij'wrio gr'afoume {\tt \\leqno} >ant`i to~u {\tt \\eqno}. \toindex{eqno} \toindex{leqno} E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a >arijm'hsoume stoiqism'enec >exis'wseic qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'e\-xh >el'egqou {\tt \\eqalignno}. el'egqou {\tt \&} qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a n`a xeqwr'isei arij\-m`oc t~hc >ex'iswshc >ap`o t`hn >'idia t`hn >ex'iswsh. P.q.\ m`e \beginliteral $$\eqalignno{ a+b &= c+d & (1) \cr x &= w + y + z \cr m + n + o + p &= q & * \cr }$$ @endliteral \noindent lamb'anoume $$\eqalignno{ a+b &= c+d & (1) \cr x &= w + y + z \cr m + n + o + p &= q & * \cr }$$ >Ant'istoiqa, qrhsimopoio~ume {\tt \\leqalignno} gi`a n`a j'esoume >arijmo`uc >exis'wsewn st`o >arister`o peri\-j'wrio stoiqism'enwn >exis'wsewn.% \TeXref{192--193} \toindex{eqalignno} \toindex{leqalignno} T'eloc, >`ac is'agoume m'eroc mikro~u keim'enou st`o >endi'ameso m'iac diakrit~hc >ex'iswshc. A>ut`o mporo~ume n`a t`o pet'uqoume j'etontac t`o ke'imeno s`e <'ena {\rm hbox}. >Ak'oma mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o {\rm hbox} <'wste n`a j'esoume ka`i ken`a dia\-st'h\-mata metax`u l'exewn >`h/ka`i majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn (>`ac jumhjo~ume <'oti <'ola t`a diast'hmata >agno\-o~untai st`hn stoiqei\-ojes'ia majhma\-tik~wn t'upwn). Gr'a\-fo\-ntac loip`on t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\$X=Y \\hbox\lb{} if and only if \rb x=y.\$\$} j`a l'aboume $$X=Y \hbox{ \rm if and only if } x=y.$$ >Ax'izei n`a pros'exoume t`a ken`a diast'hmata st`o {\rm hbox}. \exercise Prospaj~hste n`a k'anete merik`a >ap`o t`a d'uskola probl'hmata t~wn sel'idwn 180--181 to~u {\sl \TeX book}. \section{Stoiqhje~ite!} >Arket`ec for`ec j`a qreiasje~i n`a fti'axoume <'enan m`h majhmatik`o p'inaka st`o >'entup'o mac. E>utuq~wc t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a stoiqeiojet'hsei m`h majhmatiko`uc p'inakec pol`u e>'ukola ka`i m'alista kat`a d'uo tr'opouc. ~inai m`e t`o {\tengs perib'allon} {\rm tabbing} (pinakopo'ihsh). Gi`a <'osouc gnwr'izoun >ap`o grafomhqan'h, t`o {\rm tabbing} e>~inai k'ati <'omoio m`e t`hn r'ujmish t~wn meg'alwn diasthm'atwn t~hc grafomhqan~hc, t~wn {\rm TAB}\null. K'aje gramm`h >epexerg'azetai xeqwrist'a (kat`a tr'opo pol`u kal'utero >ap`o a>ut`on t~hc grafomhqan~hc), >an'aloga m`e t`ic j'eseic sto'iqishc t~wn sthl~wn <'opwc a>ut`ec >'eqoun kajorisje~i m`e t`o {\rm tab}. ~inai m`e t`o {\tengs perib'allon} {\rm alignment} (e>ujugr'ammish) m`e t`o el'egqou {\tt \\settabs}. >Ef'' <'oson k'anoume a>ut'o, gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac k'aje gramm`h to~u p'inak'a mac xekin'wntac m`e t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt \\+} ka`i telei'wnontac m`e {\tt \\cr}. <'Opwc >'eqoume de~i >epaneilhm\-m'ena, t`a ke\-n`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika d`en >epidro~un st`hn telik`h morf`h to~u >ent'upou. \toindex{settabs} ~inai gi`a n`a fti'axoume <'enan p'inaka m`e st~hlec >'idiou pl'atouc.\TeXref{231} M`e {\tt \\settabs 5 \\columns} j`a l'aboume <'enan p'inaka p'ente sthl~wn >'idiou pl'atouc. ap`o m'ia st'hlh st`hn >'allh g'inetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt\&}\null. >'Etsi, gi`a par'adeigma, ~inai >apara'ithto n`a af'hsoume ken'ec. Gi`a n`a fti'axoume t`on >'idio p'inaka m`e <'exi st~hlec, d`en qrei'azetai par`a n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\settabs 6 \\columns}; kat`a a>ut`on t`on tr'opo t`o prohgo'umeno par'adeigma g'inetai: \vskip\baselineskip {\rm % begin roman \settabs 6 \columns \+ Austria & Finland & Greece & Luxemburg & Spain \cr \+ Belgium & France & Ireland & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr \+ Denmark & Germany & Italy & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr } % end roman St`o teleuta~io par'adeigma o'eqoun mikr'otero pl'atoc. >Ep'ishc `h metax`u {\tt \& $\ldots$ \\cr}.} po`u >al\-lh\-loepi\-kal'u\-ptontai st`hn teleuta'ia gramm'h tou. A>ut`o sum\-ba'inei giat`i t`o {\rm \TeX}, s`e >ant'ijesh m`e m'ia koin`h grafomhqan'h, metakine~i k'aje stoiqe~io to~u p'inaka st`hn 'estw ki >`an a>ut`o shma'inei k'inhsh pr`oc t`a p'isw ka`i >allhloepik'aluyh k'apoiwn stoiqe'iwn. endiaf'erousa sq'esh metax`u t~hc >'ennoiac to~u sun'olou ka`i to~u perib'al\-lon\-toc {\rm tabbing}. P.q., o'eqoun >isq`u m'onon >ent`oc to~u sun'olou <'opou ~inai dunat`o n`a >all'axoume proswrin`a t`ic j'eseic sto'iqishc (dhl., t`o {\tt\\settabs}) dhmiourg'wntac <'ena s'unolo m`e t`hn qr'hsh >agk'istrwn. >Epipl'eon, k'aje ped'io to~u p'inaka >apo\-te\-le~i <'ena a>utotel`ec s'unolo. Mporo~ume loip`on n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'ena ped'io to~u p'inaka m`e >'entonouc t'upouc qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\bf} qwr`ic >'agkistra. Ka`i k'aje st'hlh >ekt`oc t~hc teleuta'iac mporo~ume n`a t`hn stoiq'isoume st`o k'entro, >arister`a >`h dexi'a, >`h >ak'oma n`a t`hn gem'isoume m`e m'ia gramm`h >`h m`e tele~iec (aposiwphtik'a). >Ex 'etsi <'wste arister'a, <'opwc sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\line}. Prosj'etontac <'ena {\tt \\hfil} pr`in >ap`o <'ena stoiqe~io to~u p'inaka, t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o stoiqe~io a>ut`o n`a metakinhje~i st`o k'entro t~hc st'hlhc. Prosj'etontac <'omwc <'ena {\tt \\hfill} >ant`i to~u {\tt \\hfil}, t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o stoiqe~io n`a metakinhje~i st`hn dexi`a >'akrh t~hc st'hlhc. (T`o {\tt \\hfill} >'eqei t`hn >'idia leitourg'ia m`e t`o {\tt \\hfil}, dhl.\ ka`i t`a d'uo d'inoun >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma; m'ono po`u <'otan >emfan'izontai ka`i t`a d'uo maz'i, t`o {\tt \\hfill} >'eqei proterai'othta.) \toindex{hfill} %%% EU countries which meet (more-or-less) the Maastricht criteria %%% for monetary union (excluded: Belgium, Italy, Greece). %%% Luxemburg has been set in bold, 'cause it's the only one that %%% really meets these criteria (data 1997). \beginliteral @obeyspaces \settabs 5 \columns \+ \hfil Austria \hfil & \hfill Finland \quad & \dotfill @ & \bf Luxemburg & Spain \cr \+ \hfil --- \hfil & \hfill France \quad & Ireland @ & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr \+ \hfil Denmark \hfil & \hfill Germany \quad & \hrulefill & Portugal @ & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr @endliteral \noindent T`o parap'anw par'adeigma j`a d'wsei <'enan p'inaka m`e t`hn pr'wth st'hlh kentrwm'enh, t`hn de'uterh stoiqism'enh dexi'a (m`e k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`o {\tt\\quad}), ka`i <'ena ped'io ({\rm Luxemburg}) s`e >'entonouc t'upouc. Oel'egqou {\tt\\dotfill} kai {\tt\\hrulefill} d'inoun >ep'ishc k'apoia >enal\-la\-ktik`a ped'ia st`on p'inak'a mac. \toindex{dotfill} \toindex{hrulefill} \vskip\baselineskip {\rm % begin roman \settabs 5 \columns \+ \hfil Austria \hfil & \hfill Finland \quad & \dotfill & \bf Luxemburg & Spain \cr \+ \hfil --- \hfil & \hfill France \quad & Ireland & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr \+ \hfil Denmark \hfil & \hfill Germany \quad & \hrulefill & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr }% end roman \exercise J'este t`a ped'ia to~u parap'anw p'inaka st`o k'entro k'aje st'hlhc. T`ic st~hlec to~u p'inaka mporo~ume n`a t`ic k'anoume n`a >'eqoun ka`i diaforetik`o pl'atoc ap`o t`hn >'allh. A>ut`o g'inetai qrhsimopoi'wntac m'ia {\tengs gramm`h--de~igma} st`on k'wdik'a mac <'opwc: {\tt \\settabs \\+ $\ldots$ \& $\ldots$ \& $\ldots$ \\cr}. T`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn qarakt'hrwn sto'iqishc {\tt \&} kajor'izei ka`i to pl'atoc t~wn sthl~wn. Gi`a par'adeigma, m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \\settabs \\+ \\hskip 1 in \& \\hskip 2 in \& \\hskip 1,5 in \& \\cr} j`a l'aboume t`hn >arq`h t~hc pr'wthc st'hlhc s`e >ap'ostash m'iac >'intsac >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio, t`hn >arq`h t~hc 'intsec dexi'wtera t~hc pr'wthc ka`i t`hn tr'ith 1,5 >'intsec >ak'oma pi`o dexi'a. E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume k'apoio {\tengs ke'imeno--de~igma} gi`a n`a kajor'isoume t`o pl'atoc k'aje st'hlhc. >'Etsi, p.q., m'ia pijan`h gramm`h--de~igma j`a >~htan ak'oloujh: {\tt \\settabs \\+ \\quad Country \\quad \& \\quad Population \\quad \& \\quad Area \\quad \& \\cr}. Kat'' a>ut'on t`on tr'opo 'eqei pl'atoc >'iso m`e t`o pl'atoc to~u t'itlou thc (dhl.\ {\rm Country}, k.lp.)\ ka`i <'ena ken`o di'a\-sth\-ma pl'atouc arket`ec >ar'adec, e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume: {\tt \$\$\\vbox\lb$\ldots$\rb\$\$}. M`e t`on tr'opo a>ut`o metakin~hste pr`oc t`o k'entro t`on parap'anw p'inaka. Pr'epei entol`h {\tt \\settabs} n`a peri\-lam\-b'a\-netai st`o {\tt\\vbox}? \exercise Belti~wste t`on teleuta~io p'inaka j'etontac m'ia ken`h gramm`h met`a to`uc t'itlouc. el'egqou {\tt\\hrule} j'etei m'ia uje'ia metax`u d'uo gramm~wn to~u p'inaka. >Epanal'abete t`hn >'askhsh j'etontac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\strut} met`a t`o {\tt \\+} st`hn gramm`h po`u peri'eqei to`uc t'itlouc t~wn sthl~wn. (T`o {\tt \\strut} o>usiastik`a fti'aqnei t`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn gramm~wn to~u p'inaka k'apwc megal'utero. >'Etsi >all'azei t`o di'astiqo t~wn gramm~wn to~u p'inaka.)\TeXref{82} Pros'exte loip`on t`o parap'anw di'asthma po`u prost'ijetai metax`u t~wn gramm~wn. \toindex{strut} \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`on >ak'oloujo p'inaka m`e sto'iqish st`o dekadik`o shme~io, dhl.\ >'etsi <'wste t`a dekadik`a yhf'ia, d'ekata ka`i 'idia j'esh. (ak'eraio m'eroc t~wn >arijm~wn stoiqism'eno dexi`a t~hc tele'iac ka`i t`o dekadik`o m'eroc stoiqism'eno >arister`a t~hc tele'iac.) {\rm \vskip\baselineskip \settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm & \cr \+ & Plums & \hfill \$1&.22 \cr \+ & Coffee & \hfill 1&.78 \cr \+ & Granola & \hfill 1&.98 \cr \+ & Mushrooms & &.63 \cr \+ & {Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr \+ & {Orange juice} & \hfill 1&.09 \cr \+ & Tuna & \hfill 1&.29 \cr \+ & Zucchini & &.64 \cr \+ & Grapes & \hfill 1&.69 \cr \+ & {Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr \+ & Broccoli & \hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr \+ & Total & \hfill \$12&.55 \cr } % end roman \exercise Skefje~ite p~wc j`a qrhsimopoi'hsete t`o {\tt\\settabs} gi`a n`a fti'axete <'enan pr'oqeiro p'inaka perieqom'enwn <'opwc: \medskip \leftline{\tt Getting Started \\dotfill \& \\hfill 1} \leftline{\tt All Characters Great and Small \\dotfill \& \\hfill 9.} \subsection{~inai e>'ukolo st`hn qr'hsh tou, ka`i <'otan kajor'isoume m'ia for`a t`o sq~hma to~u p'inaka, mporo~ume n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a par'agoume <'omoiouc p'inakec s`e di'afora m'erh to~u keim'enou po`u >akolouje~i. ut`o mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai t`o pl'eon e>'uqrhsto. Gi`a par'adeigma, t`o pl'atoc k'aje st'hlhc pr'epei n`a dhlwje~i pr`in t`o gr'ayimo to~u perieqom'enou t~wn sthl~wn. >Ep'ishc, st`hn per'iptwsh po`u j'eloume m'ia st'hlh n`a stoiqeiojethje~i <'olh m`e >'entona stoiqe~ia pr'epei n`a t`o dhl'wnoume a>ut`o s`e k'aje gramm'h. A>ut`a t`a probl'hmata mporo~ume n`a t`a xeper'asoume m`e t`o perib'allon {\tt\\halign}.\TeXref{235--238} \toindex{halign} 'eqei ex~hc: \beginuser \\halign\lb{} $<${\tengs gramm`h--de~igma\/}$>$ \\cr $<${\tengs pr'wth gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr $<${\tengs de'uterh gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr $\vdots$ $<${\tengs teleuta'ia gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr \rb \enduser emfan'isimec gramm`ec to~u p'inaka ({\rm display lines}) qwr'izontai s`e katak'orufec st~hlec m`e t`o s'umbolo sto'i\-qi\-shc\NB{}{\tt\&}\null. S`e k'aje st'hlh t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc qrhsimopoio~untai l'exeic >el'egqou <'opwc sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\line\lb\rb}\null. Gi`a par'adeigma, el'egqou {\tt \\hfil} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a sto'iqish m'iac st'hlhc dexi'a, >arister`a >`h st`o k'entro. >Ep'ishc, mporo~ume n`a >all'axoume grammatoseir`a m`e t`ic >ant'istoiqec >entol`ec {\tt \\bf}, {\tt \\it}, k.lp. S`e k'aje st'hlh t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc, mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a idik`o {\tengs s'umbolo >antikat'astashc} {\tt \#} m'ia ka`i m'ono m'ia for'a. T`o {\rm \TeX}, <'otan stoiqeiojete~i m'ia gramm`h ant'istoiqec j'eseic t~wn sumb'olwn {\tt \#}\null. T`o ap'ostash d'uo >ints~wn >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio. ~inai kentrwm'enh m`e ken`o di'asthma arister'a. ~inai par'omoiec m`e t`ic d'uo pr~wtec. apot'elesma: \medskip {\rm \halign{\hskip 2in $#$& \hfil\quad # \hfil & \qquad $#$ % & \hfil\quad # \hfil\cr \alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr \gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr \epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr } } % end roman St`hn per'iptwsh to~u parap'anw p'inaka, antikat'a\-sta\-sh to~u pr'wtou {\tt \#} t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc >ap`o t`o {\tt \\alpha}, to~u de'uterou {\tt\#} >ap`o t`o {\tt alpha}, to~u tr'itou {\tt \#} >ap`o t`o {\tt\\beta} ka`i to~u t'etartou {\tt \#} >ap`o t`o {\tt beta}. al'hjeia e>~inai <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en proqwre~i >am'eswc st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia a>ut~hc t~hc gramm`h to~u p'inaka, >all`a t`hn ful'assei st`hn mn'hmh tou. T`o >'idio >epanalamb'anetai ka`i m`e t`ic arket`o pl'atoc <'wste n`a `Ac >'eqoume 'oyh mac <'oti ~inai m'ia {\tengs diadikas'ia swreutik`h} gi`a t`hn mn'hmh to~u ut`o mpore~i n`a prokal'esei probl'hmata mn'hmhc st`o {\rm \TeX}\null, p.q., mpore~i n`a stamat'hsei n`a tr'eqei d'inont'ac mac t`o m'hnuma: (({\rm out of memory})). Gi`a t`on l'ogo a>ut'o, e>~inai protim'wtero n`a >apofe'ugoume to`uc p'inakec po`u xeperno~un t`hn m'ia sel'ida.) M`e l'iga l'ogia, en`w o`h m'iac st'hlhc to~u p'inaka m`e `h ka`i katak'orufec e>uje~iec. Gi`a n`a j'esoume uje~iec, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn >entol`h {\tt\\hrule}, <'opwc ka`i st`hn per'iptwsh to~u perib'allontoc {\tt \\settabs}. <'Omwc >epeid`h d`en j'eloume uje'ia n`a e>~inai stoiqism'enh s'umfwna m`e t`hn gramm`h--de~igma, gi'' a>ut`o ka`i qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\noalign}. Sunep~wc, gi`a n`a j'esoume m'ia uje'ia st`on p'inaka, gr'afoume: {\tt \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb}. <'Oso gi`a t`ic katak'orufec e>uje~iec, a>ut`ec j'etontai gr'afontac {\tt \\vrule} e>'ite st`hn gramm`h--de~igma e>'ite s`e k'apoia >ap`o t`ic ~inai t'oso `Ac p'aroume t`o teleuta~io par'adeigma ka`i >`ac >all'axoume t`hn gramm`h--de~igma gi`a n`a j'esoume katak'orufec e>uje~iec, >all`a >`ac prosj'esoume ka`i merik`ec akrib~wc j`a j'elame, >all`a \vskip\baselineskip {\rm \halign{\hskip 2in\vrule\quad $#$\quad & \vrule \hfil\quad # \hfil & \quad \vrule \quad $#$\quad & \vrule \hfil\quad # \quad \hfil \vrule \cr \noalign{\hrule} \alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr \noalign{\hrule} \gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr \noalign{\hrule} \epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr \noalign{\hrule} } % end halign } % end roman St`on p'inaka a>ut'o, ~inai ouje~iec, >all`a ka`i t`o ke'imeno po`u fa'inetai strimwgm'eno m'esa st`a pla'isia to~u p'inaka. >Epipl'eon, t`a ped'ia k'aje st'hlhc fa'inetai n`a >'eqoun l'igo periss'otero ken`o di'asthma st`hn dexi`a pleur'a touc >ant`i n`a e>~inai t'eleia kentrwm'ena. <'Opwc ka`i st`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh to~u {\tt \\settabs}, >'etsi ka`i >ed~w oarai`ec qrhsi\-mo\-poi\-'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\strut} st`hn gramm`h--de~igma.\TeXref{82} <'Omwc, <'ena >ak'oma pr'oblhma mpore~i n`a >emfanisje~i kaj`wc t`o {\rm\TeX} dhmiourge~i t`hn sel'ida; >'iswc t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a >arai'wsei >elafr`a t`ic gramm`ec to~u p'inaka <'wste n`a beltiwje~i ik'ona t~hc <'olhc sel'idac. A>ut`o mpore~i n`a >'eqei apot'elesma t`hn >emf'anish mikr~wn ken~wn st`ic katak'orufec e>uje~iec to~u p'inaka. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume k'ati t'etoio, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\offinterlineskip} m'esa st`o perib'allon {\tt \\halign}. Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a >apof'ugoume t`o pr'oblhma t~wn e>ujei~wn po`u >ex'eqoun st`hn >ari\-ste\-r`h pleur`a to~u p'inaka, >afair'wntac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\hskip 2 in} >ap`o t`hn gramm`h--de~igma. Gi`a n`a metakin'hsoume t`on p'inaka st`hn >arqik'h tou j'esh, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn >entol`h {\tt\\moveright}. T'eloc, mporo~ume n`a katal'aboume p~wc n`a kentr'wsoume kal`a t`a ped'ia to~u p'inaka, para\-th\-r'wntac <'oti t`o >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`a >arister`a >emfan'izetai st`hn gramm`h--de~igma met`a t`o s'umbolo {\tt\#}, <'opou dhl.\ g'inetai antikat'astash to~u keim'enou t~wn ar'adwn. Sunolik`a ex~hc: \toindex{offinterlineskip} \toindex{moveright} \beginuser \\moveright 2 in \\vbox\lb\\offinterlineskip \\halign\lb\\strut \\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad \&\\vrule \\hfil \\quad % \#\\quad \\hfil \&\\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad \&\\vrule \\hfil \\quad \#\\quad \\hfil % \\vrule \\cr \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb \\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb \\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb \\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb \rb\rb \enduser \noindent ut`oc d'inei: \vskip\baselineskip {\rm \moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip \halign{\strut \vrule \quad $#$\quad &\vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil &\vrule \quad $#$\quad &\vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil \vrule \cr \noalign{\hrule} \alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr \noalign{\hrule} \gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr \noalign{\hrule} \epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr \noalign{\hrule} } % end halign } % end vbox } % end roman Genik'wtera, >e`an j'eloume n`a fti'axoume <'enan p'inaka po`u n`a e>~inai kentrwm'enoc st`hn sel'ida, mporo~ume n`a j'esoume t`o {\tt \\vbox} m'esa s`e m'ia >entol`h {\tt\\centerline\lb\rb}\null. <'Omwc 'exupnh l'ush: >E`an b'aloume t`o {\tt\\vbox} metax`u dipl~wn dolar'iwn {\tt \$\$ $\ldots$ \$\$}, ~inai <'omoia m`e a>ut`h diakrit~wn majhmatik~wn >ekfr'asewn, dhl.\ kentrwm'enh. Profan~wc, t`o >apot'elesma d`en j`a e>~inai m'ia majhmatik`h >ex'iswsh, >all`a >akrib~wc >epeid`h t`o {\rm\TeX} j`a nom'isei <'oti >'eqei n`a k'anei m`e m'ia majhmatik`h >ex'iswsh, j`a b'alei l'igo parap'anw ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`o >ep'anw ka`i k'atw m'eroc to~u p'inaka d'inont'ac mac <'ena a>isjhtik`a >arti'wtero >apot'elesma. Sunoy'izontac t`a parap'anw, mporo~ume n`a po~ume p`wc mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'enan >'omorfo kentrwmm'eno p'inaka >akolouj'wntac t`a >ex~hc t'essera b'hmata: (1)\NB{}j'e\-tou\-me <'ena {\tt \\vbox} metax`u dipl~wn dolar'iwn; (2)\NB{}gr'afoume {\tt \\offinterlineskip} ka`i {\tt\\halign} m'esa st`o {\tt \\vbox}; (3)\NB{}>ent`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\tt \\halign} arq`h ka`i {\tt\\vrule} metax`u k'aje de'igmatoc st'hlhc; ka`i (4)\NB{}>an'amesa s`e k'aje gramm`h to~u p'inaka gr'afoume {\tt \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb}. $ \& \dots \& % $<${\tengs stoiqe~io teleuta'iac st'hlhc\/}$>$ \\cr \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb \dots \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb $<${\tengs stoiqe~io 1hc st'hlhc\/}$>$ \& \dots \& % $<${\tengs stoiqe~io teleuta'iac st'hlhc\/}$>$ \\cr \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb \rb \rb\$\$ \enduser \section{K'an'' to m'onoc sou} S'' a>ut`o t`o kef'alaio j`a do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a el'egqou. ut~wn t~wn n'ewn {\tengs apokalo~untai ka`i {\tengs makroentol`ec\/} >`h {\sl macro}, e>~inai m'ia >ap`o t`ic pi`o >isqur`ec teqnik`ec po`u m~ac prosf'erei t`o {\rm\TeX}\null. efarmog`h t~hc dhmiourg'iac n'ewn antikajist'wntac meg'ala m'erh >epanalamban'omenou keim'enou m`e <'enan mikr`o el'egqou {\tt\\def} qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a t`on akolouji~wn (l'exewn >`h sumb'olwn) >el'egqou. akolouj'iac >el'egqou e>~inai: {\tt \\def\\newname\lb$\ldots$\rb}. Met`a t`on emfan'izetai {\tt \\newname}, a>ut`h el'egqou j`a >anti\-kaj'i\-statai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e t`o {\tengs <'orism'a\/} thc, dhl.\ m`e <'o,ti peri'eqoun oagk'ulec to~u ~inai profan`ec <'oti entol`h {\tt \\newname} pr'epei n`a ~inai e>'ite m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou >apotelo'umenh >ap`o qarakt~hrec to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou ka`i m'ono, e>'ite <'ena n'eo s'umbolo >el'egqou >apotelo'umeno >ap`o <'enan ka`i m'onon qarakt'hra >ekt`oc a>ut~wn to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. >`Ac 'eqoume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'ena ke'imeno po`u peri'eqei poll`ec for`ec t`hn fr'ash (({\rm European Union})). M`e t`on 'eqoume m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou, t`hn {\tt \\eu}, t`hn ~inai swst`h >ef'' <'oson >'eqei prohghje~i el'egqou {\tt\\eu}. St`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh a>ut'h, t`o {\rm\TeX} j`a >antikatast'hsei t`hn {\tt\\eu} m`e t`o <'orism'a thc (t`hn >'idia >epexergas'ia k'anei t`o {\rm\TeX} ka`i m`e t`ic dik'ec tou >eswterik`ec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou, gi'' a>ut`o qrei'azetai l'igh prosoq`h st`hn >epilog`h t~wn >onom'atwn t~wn n'ewn mac akolouj'ia >el'egqou >'eqei topik`h >isq`u st`o sun'olo >ent`oc to~u `Ac jumhjo~ume <'oti <'ola t`a ken`a diast'hmata po`u >akoloujo~un m'ia l'exh >el'egqou >agnoo~untai >ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX} kat`a t`hn >epexergas'ia to~u k'wdika; a>ut`o >isq'uei ka`i gi`a t`ic n'eec l'exeic >el'egqou po`u >eme~ic el'egqou {\tt\\eu} j`a >agnohje~i. <'Omwc, t`o ken`o di'asthma met`a t`hn pr'wth per'iodo (.)\ ka`i met`a t`hn pr'wth >ari\-ste\-r`h >agk'ulh ({\tt\lb}) d`en >agnoo~untai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX}\null; >e`an parathr'hsoume prosektik`a t`o t'eloc t~hc pr'wthc pr'otashc po`u stoiqeiojet'hjhke s'umfwna m`e t`o parap'anw par'adeigma, j`a do~ume <'oti peri'eqei k'apoio parap'anw ken`o di'asthma. A>ut`o mporo~ume n`a t`o >apof'ugoume j'etontac <'ena s'umbolo sqol'iou {\tt \%} met`a t`hn >ari\-ste\-r`h >agk'ulh, <'wste t`o agnohje~i >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T`o >'idio mporo~ume n`a k'anoume ka`i st`hn gramm`h to~u k'wdika m`e t`hn teleuta'ia dexi`a >agk'ulh ({\tt\rb})\null. Suqn'a, a>ut`h apenergopo'ihsh\/} t~wn ~inai >apara'ithth gi`a t`on >apotelesmatik`o >'elegqo t~wn ken~wn diasthm'atwn st`o telik'o mac >'entupo. <'Otan m'ia n'ea makroentol`h >'eqei 'idia mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i ka`i gi`a t`on 'allwn makroentol~wn. A>ut`oc e>~inai, p.q., <'enac tr'opoc n`a epistol`ec `Ac epistol'h: \beginuser \\def\\letter\lb \\par \\noindent Dear \\name, \ This is a little note to let you know that your name is \\name. \ \\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, \\vskip 2\\baselineskip \\hskip 2 in The NameNoter \\smallskip \\hrule \rb \enduser \def\letter{% {\rm \par \noindent Dear \name, This is a little note to let you know that your name is \name. \hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, \vskip 2\baselineskip\nobreak \hskip 2 in The NameNoter \smallskip \hrule } % end roman } % end letter St`hn >epistol`h qrhsimopoie~itai el'egqou {\tt \\name}, 'eqei ak'oma. <'Otan qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\letter}, antika\-ta\-sta\-je~i m`e t`on tr'eqonta ant'igrafa t~hc >epistol~hc, t`o kaj'ena m`e t`on swst`o paral'hpth ka`i m`e m'ia uje'ia gramm`h st`o t'eloc, dhl.\ \def\name{Michael Bishop} \letter \goodbreak \def\name{Michelle L\'ev\^eque} \letter \vskip\baselineskip J`a mporo'usame n`a e>'iqame j'esei `h sqed`on agkul~wn to~u 'allec >entol'ec (par'' <'oti st`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh m'iac epistol~hc <'ola a>ut`a j`a >~htan m'allon epistol`h n`a tup'wnetai s`e xeqwrist`h sel'ida. \exercise epistol~hc qrhsimopoi'wntac t`ic >ak'oloujec l'exeic >el'eqou: {\tt \\name} (>'onoma), {\tt \\address} (die'ujunsh), {\tt \\postcode} (taqudromik`oc k'wdikac), {\tt \\city} (p'olh) ka`i {\tt \\country} (q'wra). \exercise Suqn`a s`e ke'imena qrei'azetai n`a fti'axoume m`h >arijmhm'enec l'istec >antikei\-m'e\-nwn, jem'atwn, k.lp.\ qrhsimopoi'wntac {\tt \\item\lb\$\\bullet\$\rb}. onomas'ia {\tt \\bitem} po`u k'anei a>ut`h t`hn doulei`a gi`a merik`ec paragr'afouc. Kat'opin, >all'axte t`o shme~io ({\rm bullet}) m`e m'ia pa'ula. J`a parathr'hsete <'oti m'ia m'onon mikr`h >allag`h st`on apara'ithtec >allag`ec s`e <'olec t`ic paragr'afouc. \exercise 'eqete n`a anhsuqe~ite gi`a t`o t'i prokalo~un a>ut`ec o~inai <'oti, >ef'' <'oson isq`u m'onon gi`a m'ia par'agrafo). el'egqou {\tt \\setpar} empr`oc >ap`o k'aje par'agrafo po`u pr'epei morfopoihje~i s'umfwna m`e t`ic parap'anw param'etrouc. \subsection{Par'ametroi st`ic makroentol`ec} Oid'ea t~wn param'etrwn e>~inai par'omoia a>ut~hc t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc to~u peri\-b'al\-lontoc {\tt \\halign}\null. Pr~wta, >`ac do~ume t`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh m'iac n'eac l'exhc >el'egqou m`e m'ia par'ametro. St`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh a>ut'h, el'egqou ap`o m'ia for`a metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u 'eqei grafe~i metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u 'Etsi, <'opou m'esa st`on k'wdika >emfan'izetai ut`h j`a >antikaj'istatai >ap`o t`o <'orism'a thc ka`i st`hn j'esh to~u {\tt \#1} j`a mpa'inei t`o ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn. {\tengb 'eqei meg'alh shmas'ia; d`en pr'epei n`a arister`h >agk'ulh ({\tt\lb}) to~u epistol~hc t~hc prohgo'umenhc paragr'afou kat`a t`on >ak'oloujo tr'opo: \beginuser \\def\\letter\#1\lb \\par \\noindent Dear \#1, \ This is a little note to let you know that your name is \#1. \ \\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, \\vskip 2\\baselineskip \\hskip 2 in The NameNoter \\smallskip \\hrule \rb \enduser \def\letter#1{% {\rm \par \noindent Dear #1, This is a little note to let you know that your name is #1. \hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, \vskip 2\baselineskip \hskip 2 in The NameNoter \smallskip \hrule } } \noindent T'wra mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume \beginuser \\letter\lb Michael Bishop\rb \\letter\lb Michelle L\\'ev\\\^{}eque\rb \enduser \noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume \medskip \letter{Michael Bishop} \goodbreak \letter{Michelle L\'ev\^eque} T'wra >`ac ap`o t`o entol`h {\tt \\displaytext\lb$\ldots$\rb} j`a d'wsei t`o ke'imeno >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn s`e m'ia kentrarism'enh par'agrafo pl'atouc $12\,\rm cm$ m`e l'igo >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma st`o >ep'anw ka`i k'atw m'eroc thc, >'etsi <'wste n`a xeqwr'izei >ap`o t`o `Ac do~ume <'ena t'etoio par'adeigma m`e t`o ke'imeno agglik`h gl'wssa: \def\displaytext#1{$$\vbox{\hsize=12cm #1}$$} \displaytext{\rm Now let's define {\tt\\def\\displaytext\#1\lb \$\$\\vbox\lb\\hsize = 12 cm \#1\rb\$\$\rb} as a new macro to display text. Then {\tt \\displaytext\lb$\ldots$\rb} will cause the material between the braces to be put in a paragraph with width 12 \centimetre s and then \centred{} with some space added above and below as is appropriate for a display. This paragraph was set using this {\tt \\displaytext} macro.} K'aje par'ametroc m'iac makroentol~hc d`en mpore~i n`a xepern~a s`e m~hkoc t`hn m'ia par'agrafo. >E`an m'ia de'uterh par'agrafoc e>isaqje~i ut`h e>~inai m'ia dikl'ida >asfale'iac to~u {\rm \TeX}\null; diaforetik'a, m'ia tuqa'ia par'aleiyh m'iac dexi~ac >agk'ulhc j`a >an'agkaze t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a jewr'hsei <'olo t`o arqe~io 'onoma {\tt \\yourgrade} ('etsi <'wste ak'oloujh fr'ash: {\rm The grade you received is 89\%}\null. Fusik'a, j`a pr'epei n`a mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a ~inai >idia'itera d'uskolh. Gi`a n`a el'egqou d'uo param'etrwn, >arke~i n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\def\\newword\#1\#2\lb$\ldots$\rb}. T`o <'orisma mpore~i n`a peri'eqei >an'amesa st`ic >agk'ulec t`ic param'etrouc {\tt \#1} ka`i {\tt \#2} ka`i m'alista periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia for`a t`hn k'aje m'ia. <'Otan kat'opin t`o {\rm \TeX} bre~i st`on k'wdik'a mac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}, <'o,ti diab'asei metax`u t~wn d'uo pr'wtwn >agkul~wn t`o >antikajist~a st`hn j'esh {\tt \#1} to~u agkul~wn t`o >anti\-ka\-ji\-st~a st`hn j'esh {\tt \#2}\null. 'askhsh, entol`h m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt\\yourgrade}, >'etsi <'wste ak'oloujh fr'ash: {\rm You received a grade of 89\% on your first exam and a grade of 85\% on your second exam}. \exercise el'egqou m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt \\frac}, >'etsi <'wste ~inai shmantik`o n`a m`hn arister`h >agk'ulh tou. >E`an ap'' <'o,ti perigr'ayame pi`o p'anw. Gi`a periss'oterec >ap`o d'uo param'etrouc, akolouji~wn >el'egqou e>~inai par'omoioc. Gi`a n`a el'egqou m`e tre~ic param'etrouc, xekin~ame gr'afontac {\tt \\def\\newword\#1\#2\#3\lb$\ldots$\rb}. Kat'opin, gr'afoume >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn to~u eme~ic >epijumo~ume. Met`a t`on antikajist~a t`o agkul~wn st`ic >ant'istoiqec j'eseic {\tt \#1}, {\tt \#2} ka`i {\tt \#3} to~u arijm`oc t~wn param'etrwn enni'a ({\tt\#9}). \subsection{M`e <'ena >'allo >'onoma} Merik`ec for`ec e>~inai bolik`o n`a d'inoume s`e m'ia l'exh >el'egqou <'ena diaforetik`o >'onoma. P.q., >e`an >'eqoume sunhj'isei st`hn bretanik`h >orjograf'ia t~wn >agglik~wn >ant`i t~hc >amerikanik~hc, >'iswc n`a protimo~ume n`a gr'afoume {\tt \\centreline} >ant`i gi`a {\tt \\centerline}. A>ut`h allag`h >onomas'iac mpore~i n`a g'inei e>'u\-kola m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\let}. Gr'afontac loip`on {\tt \\let \\centreline = \\centerline}, el'egqou ut`o d`en shma'inei <'oti ut`h el'egqou mpore~i n`a g'inei ka`i m`e majhmatik`a s'umbola, <'opwc p.q.\ epitr'epei n`a gr'afoume:% \TeXref{206--207} \toindex{let} \toindex{centreline} \toindex{tensor} \let\tensor=\otimes \beginuser \$\$ (A \\tensor B) (C \\tensor D) = AC \\tensor BD. \$\$ \enduser \noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume $$ (A \tensor B) (C \tensor D) = AC \tensor BD. $$ \exercise isodunamo~un m`e t`ic {\tt \\leftline}, {\tt \\centerline} ka`i {\tt \\rightline}. M`e l'iga l'ogia, el'egqou {\tt \\let} >epitr'epei st`on qr'hsth to~u {\rm \TeX} n`a >onom'azei t`ic basik`ec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou <'opwc to~u >ar'esei ka`i to~u e>~inai bolik'o. >'Etsi, 'eqei t`ic dik'ec tou makroentol`ec po`u mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoi'hsei st`hn j'esh a>ut~wn po`u prosf'erei t`o {\rm \TeX}. \section{T`a l'ajh e>~inai >anjr'wpina} T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <'ena p'ara pol`u >'exupno pr'ogramma, >all`a >'oqi ka`i je"ik'o! >'Etsi >e`an sunant'hsei k'apoio m'eroc to~u k'wdika gramm'eno kat`a tr'opo lanjasm'eno, j`a >apant'hsei m`e <'ena {\tengs m'hnuma sf'al\-matoc} st`hn >oj'onh to~u ef'' <'oson t`o {\rm \TeX} tr'eqei allhloepidr`on ka`i m~ac >epitr'epei n`a sunomilo~ume maz'i tou). T`o >'idio m'hnuma j`a kataqwrhje~i >ep'ishc ka`i st`o >ant'istoiqo >arqe~io {\tt .log}. >Epeid`h t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >arket`a pol'uploko pr'ogramma, t`o m'hnuma sf'almatoc po`u j`a d'wsei mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai e>'ukola katan'ohto gi`a t`on >arq'ario. M'alista t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a prospaj'hsei n`a diorj'wsei t`o sf'alma m'ono tou, d'inontac <'omwc pl'hrh >anafor`a gi`a t`o t'i >akrib~wc diorj'wseic >'ekane. ~i\-nai >idia'itera Eke~ino po`u >'eqei shmas'ia gi`a n`a katano'hsoume <'ena m'hnuma sf'almatoc to~u {\rm\TeX}, e>~inai n`a katal'aboume poi'o m'eroc to~u mhn'umatoc e>~inai shmantik`o ka`i poi'o m'eroc to~u mhn'umatoc mporo~ume n`a >agno'hsoume qwr`ic kam'ia sun'epeia. >`Ac do~ume merik`a tupik`a sf'al\-ma\-ta st`on k'wdika ka`i t`a >ant'istoiqa mhn'umata po`u m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm\TeX}. \subsection{T`o xeqasm'eno >ant'io} %%% poor man's carriage return symbol: \def\CarRet{$\gets$\hglue -1.25pt\raise 2.5pt\hbox{\vrule\vbox to 4.5pt{}}} T`o pr~wto sf'alma po`u j`a >exet'asoume e>~inai >eke~ino po`u <'oloi k'apoia stigm`h t`o k'anoun, dhlad`h t`hn par'aleiyh n`a b'aloume t`o >apara'ithto {\tt\\bye} st`o t'eloc to~u k'wdik'a mac. >E`an tr'e\-qou\-me t`o {\rm \TeX} allhloepidr'on, st`hn >oj'on'h mac j`a >emfanisje~i <'enac >aster'iskoc\hfil\break \leftline{\tt *} ka`i met`a t'ipota periss'otero. T`o {\rm \TeX} perim'enei n`a to~u d'wsoume ka`i >'allon k'wdika n`a >epe\-xer\-gasje~i >ap`o t`o plh\-ktro\-l'ogio. arqik`o k'wdika po`u pro'erqetai >ap`o t`a sqetik`a >arqe~ia mac. Sun'hjwc a>ut`o po`u plh\-ktro\-lo\-go~u\-me e>~inai {\tt\\bye}\fnote{{\tt } e>~inai t`o pl~hktro po`u m~ac d'inei m'ia n'ea gramm`h st`on k'wdika. >Apokale~itai {\rm Carriage Return}, {\rm Enter} >`h {\rm Return}, >`h sumbol'izetai m`e <'ena meg'alo >arister`o >an'a\-stro\-fo b'eloc (s`an \CarRet$\,$).} >'etsi <'wste t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a epexergas'ia to~u k'wdika. \subsection{`h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou} <'Ena >ak'oma suqn`o sf'alma e>~inai `h >'agnwsthc gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX} l'exhc >el'egqou. >E`an t`o {\rm\TeX} tr'eqei adi'aleipto, <'otan sunant'hsei m'ia lanjasm'enh >`h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou, j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma sf'almatoc, j`a >agno'hsei t`hn sugkekrim'enh l'exh >el'egqou ka`i j`a suneq'isei st`hn >epexergas'ia to~u allhloepidr'on, m~ac d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a diorj'wsoume t'etoiou e>'idouc sf'almata kaj`wc tr'eqei (<'omwc prosoq'h: a>ut`ec oarqe~io m`e t`on >arqik'o mac k'wdika; t`ic diorj'wseic st`o >arqe~io pr'epei n`a t`ic k'anoume kat'opin). >`Ac 'eqoume <'ena >arqe~io k'wdika {\rm \TeX} po`u peri'eqei t`ic >ak'oloujec d'uo gramm'ec: \beginuser \\line\lb The left side \\hfli the right side\rb \\bye \enduser Profan~wc >ant`i gi`a t`hn l'exh >'el'egqou {\tt \\hfli} j`a >'eprepe n`a e>'iqame gr'ayei {\tt \\hfil}. oj'onh: \beginuser \obeyspaces ! Undefined control sequence. l.1 \\line\lb The left side \\hfli \ the right side\rb ? \enduser ex'hghsh to~u probl'hmatoc. Kat'opin, parousi'azetai arijm`oc t~hc gramm~hc to~u >arqe'iou m`e t`on k'wdika <'opou br'isketai t`o sf'alma kaj`wc ka`i t`o m'eroc >eke~ino t~hc gramm~hc po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} mp'orese n`a >epexergasje~i. St`hn erwthmatik`o gi`a n`a m~ac pe~i <'oti perim'enei k'apoia >ap'okrish >ap`o m'erouc mac. Oepitrept`ec >apokr'iseic po`u mporo~ume n`a d'wsoume s''\NB{}a>ut`hn t`hn per'iptwsh (>all`a ka`i s`e k'aje per'iptwsh po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} stamat~a >exait'iac k'apoiou sf'almatoc) e>~inai oak'oloujec: \maketable [Dunat`ec >apokr'iseic s`e mhn'umata sf'almatoc to~u {\lsecfont \TeX}] \halign{ \strut # \hfil & \hfil \tt # \hfil & # \hfil\cr \tengb Skop`oc & \tengb >Ap'okrish & \tengb \hfil >Apot'elesma\cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} bo'hjeia ({\rm help}) & h& >Exhge~itai leptomer~wc & 'exodoc ({\rm exit}) & x& >'Exodoc ka`i kle'isimo to~u >arqe'iou {\rm DVI}. \cr metak'ulish ({\rm scroll}) & s& T`o {\rm\TeX} st`o >ex~hc j`a d'inei mhn'umata sf'almatoc, \cr & & qwr`ic n`a diak'optei s`e >as'hmanta sf'almata. \cr tr'eximo ({\rm run}) & r& T`o {\rm \TeX} st`o >ex~hc j`a d'inei mhn'umata sf'almatoc, \cr & & qwr`ic <'omwc n`a diak'optei pot'e. \cr siwp'h ({\rm quiet}) & q& T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei qwr`ic n`a d'inei kan'ena \cr & & m'hnuma sf'almatoc. \cr sun'eqeia ({\rm carry on}) & & T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei <'oso kal'utera mpore~i. \cr } St`o teleuta'io par'adeigma, m'ia logik`h >ap'okrish e>~inai {\tt h}, <'wste n`a l'aboume m'ia pi`o leptomer`h >ex'hghsh to~u sf'almatoc. Kat'opin plhktrologo~ume {\tt i} gi`a n`a >enj'esoume k'apoio ke'imeno, antapokr'inetai m`e t`hn pr'otash {\tt insert>}$\,$. T'eloc, gr'afoume t`hn swst`h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hfil}. ut`o st`hn >oj'onh mac: \beginuser ? h The control sequence at the end of the top line of your error message was never \\def'ed. If you have misspelled it (e.g., `\\hobx'), type `I' and the correct spelling (e.g., `I\\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. ? i insert>\\hfil [1] \enduser T`o {\tt [1]} po`u m~ac gr'afei t`o {\rm \TeX} shma'inei <'oti 'eqei apot'elesma >'eqei katagrafe~i st`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI}\null. Fusik'a, kat'opin pr'epei n`a diorj'wsoume t`o >arqik`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdik'a mac, <'wste n`a m`hn m~ac parousiasje~i xan`a t`o >'idio sf'alma. \subsection{'onoma mi~ac grammatoseir~ac prokale~i pro\-bl'h\-ma\-ta <'omoia m`e >eke~ina po`u e>'idame parap'anw m`e t`ic lanjasm'enec l'exeic >el'egqou. <'Omwc, t`o m'h\-nu\-ma sf'al\-matoc e>~inai diaforetik`o ka`i k'apwc pol'uploko gi`a <'enan >arq'ario. >`Ac ak'oloujh gramm'h: \vskip\baselineskip \leftline{\tt \\font\\sf = cmss01} \noindent T`o l'ajoc mac e>~inai st`o <'oti, >ant`i gi`a {\tt cmss01}, j`a >'eprepe n`a e>'iqame gr'ayei {\tt cmss10}. \ \\par \\bye ->\\par \ \\vfill \\supereject \\end l.2 \\bye ? h I wasn't able to read the size data for this font, so I will ignore the font specification. [Wizards can fix TFM files using TFtoPL/PLtoTF.] You might try inserting a different font spec; e.g., type `I\\font='. \enduser T`o >arqe~io {\rm TFM} (onomas'ia tou pro'erqetai >ap`o t`a >arqik`a t~wn l'exewn {\rm \TeX{} font metric}), e>~inai <'ena bohjhtik`o >arqe~io po`u qrhsimopoie~i t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. Kat`a sun'epeia, t`o per'iergo m'hnuma sf'almatoc po`u m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en shma'inei t'ipota >'allo >ap`o t`o <'oti ak'oma pol`u koin`o sf'alma e>~inai t`o n`a qrhsimopoio~ume {\tt \$} >`h {\tt \$\$} gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume m'ia majhmatik`h >'ekfrash ka`i kat'opin n`a xeqno~ume n`a kle'isoume t`hn >'ekfrash a>ut`h m`e t`o >ant'istoiqo de'utero {\tt \$} >`h {\tt \$\$}. T`o >apot'elesma a>uto~u to~u sf'almatoc e>~inai <'o,ti >akolouje~i t`a majhmatik`a n`a stoiqeiojete~itai >ep'ishc 'ekfrash; ka`i t`o qeir'otero e>~inai <'oti <'otan t`o {\rm \TeX} sunant'hsei t`hn >arq`h mi~ac n'eac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc, t'ote >ant`i n`a suneq'isei n`a m~ac d'inei majhmatik`a s'umbola, j`a >arq'isei n`a m~ac stoiqeiojete~i kanonik`o ke'imeno. Beba'iwc, d`en qrei'azetai n`a >anaferjo~ume st`o pl~hjoc t~wn mhnum'atwn sf'almatoc po~u genn~a <'ena t'etoio sf'alma. <'Opwc ka`i n`a >'eqei epa\-nor\-j'w\-sei t`o l'ajoc paremb'allontac <'ena n'eo {\tt \$} >`h {\tt \$\$}. >Epipl'eon, t`o pr'oblhma j`a stamat'hsei m`e t`o t'e\-loc t~hc paragr'afou; t`o {\rm \TeX} xekin~a a>utom'atwc t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia kanoniko~u keim'enou --- ka`i >'oqi majhmatik~wn >ekfr'asewn --- <'otan sunat'hsei n'ea par'agrafo. >`Ac koit'axoume t`on >ak'oloujo swst`o k'wdika ka`i t`o >apot'elesm'a tou: \beginuser Since \$f(x) > 0\$, \$a0\$. \enduser {\rm Since $f(x) > 0$, $a0$. } % end \rm >E`an parale'iyoume t`o de'utero s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou st`o {\tt \$f(x)\$}, t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a m~ac d'wsei t`a >ak'olouja mhn'umata sf'almatoc ka`i bo'hjeiac: \beginuser \obeyspaces ! Missing \$ inserted. \ \$ \ \\intop \\int ->\\intop \ \\nolimits l.2 \$\\int \ \_{}a\^{}b f(x)\\,dx >0\$. ? h I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. ? \enduser exhge~i t'i >'eqei sumbe~i. 'allec peript'wseic sf'almatoc, >'etsi ka`i >ed~w t`o m'eroc t~hc gramm~hc to~u k'wdika po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} di'abase qwr`ic kan'ena pr'oblhma parousi'azetai st`hn >oj'onh s`e m'ia gramm`h (>'ewc t`o {\tt \\int}), ka`i st`hn akolouje~i t`o exhghje~i. A>ut`a t`a >endi'amesa mhn'umata de'iqnoun t'i sun'epeiec e>~iqe t`o l'ajoc mac st`a >end'wtera to~u {\rm \TeX} (t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai k'apwc pol'uploko!). agno'hsei t`a >endi'amesa mhn'umata sf'almatoc. >E`an >epitr'eyoume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a diorj'wsei m'ono tou t`o sf'alma mac, apot'elesma: { \rm Since $f(x) > 0$, $a0$. } % end \rm T`o ke'imen'o mac tent'wnetai ka`i stoiqeiojete~itai m`e pl'agiouc qarakt~hrec majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn qwr`ic >endi'amesa ken`a diast'hmata. A>ut`o sumba'inei <'otan kanonik`o ke'imeno stoiqeiojete~itai 'ekfrash. >E`an parathr'hsoume k'ati t'etoio st`o stoiqeiojethm'eno mac >'entupo, s'igoura k'apou xeq'asame k'apoio mon`o {\tt \$} >`h k'apoio dipl`o {\tt \$\$}. \subsection{>Agk'ulec qwr`ic ta'iri} E>~inai pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeq'asei kane`ic >`h n`a prosj'esei kat`a l'ajoc parap'anw >agk'ulec <'otan fti'aqnei s'unola. T`o >apot'elesma mpore~i n`a e>~inai tele'iwc >an'wduno >'ewc katastrofik'o. >`Ac 'eqoume <'enan t'itlo m`e >'entonouc t'upouc ka`i <'oti gr'afoume {\tt \lb\\bf A bold title} xeqn'wntac t`hn >apara'ithth dexi`a >agk'ulh. T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai <'olo t`o ke'imeno po`u >akolouje~i n`a stoiqeiojethje~i m`e >'entonouc t'upouc, >en~w st`o t'eloc t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a paraponeje~i ex~hc: {\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 1)} >E`an e>'iqame k'anei t`o >'idio sf'alma d'uo for'ec, dhl.\ >e`an e>iqame d'uo >arister`ec >agk'ulec qwr`ic t`ic >ant'istoiqec dexi'ec, t'ote t`o par'apono to~u {\rm \TeX} j`a >~htan t`o >ex~hc: {\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 2)} T`o {\rm \TeX} d`en mpore~i n`a katal'abei <'oti parale'ipontai m'ia >`h periss'oterec dexi`ec >agk'ulec pa\-r`a m'onon <'otan fj'asei st`o t'eloc to~u k'wdika qwr`ic n`a t`ic >'eqei sunant'hsei. Sunep~wc, t`o m'hnuma sf'al\-matoc d`en m~ac l'eei po~u k'aname t`o l'ajoc. >E`an 'eprepe n`a e>'iqame j'esei t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh d`en e>~inai ka`i t'oso faner'h, t'ote m'ia l'ush st`on >entopism`o to~u problhmatiko~u shme'iou e>~inai n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\bye} st`hn m'esh to~u k'wdika. >E`an tr'eqontac xan`a t`o {\rm\TeX} sunant'hsoume t`o >'idio sf'alma, t'ote t`o sf'alma mac br'isketai st`o pr~wto mis`o to~u k'wdika (>ef'' <'oson t`hn de'uterh for`a t`o {\rm\TeX} >epexerg'asjhke m'onon t`o pr~wto mis`o to~u k'wdika >'ewc t`o {\tt\\bye}). Metakin'wntac t`o {\tt\\bye} s`e diaforetik`ec j'eseic to~u k'wdika, mporo~ume n`a >ento\-p'i\-sou\-me telik`a t`o >akrib`ec shme~io to~u sf'almatoc. >Ep'ishc, m'ia mati`a st`o stoiqeiojethm'eno ke'imeno p'anta bohj~a st`on >entopism`o t'etoiwn sfalm'atwn ka`i poll~wn >'allwn paroram'atwn. Oarister`ec >agk'ulec e>~inai pi`o e>'ukolec st`on >entopism'o touc. You've closed more groups than you opened. Such booboos are generally harmless, so keep going. \enduser \noindent Beba'iwc, e>~inai pol`u pijan`o 'eprepe n`a e>'iqame j'esei t`hn >arister`h >agk'ulh n`a m`hn sump'iptei m`e t`hn gramm`h <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} br~hke t`o sf'alma. agk'ulhc st`on el'egqou mpore~i n`a dhmiourg'hsei sobar'wtata probl'hmata. >Ef'' <'oson <'enac t'etoioc ap`o m'ia paragr'afouc, e>~inai pijan`o t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a m`hn katal'abei t`o sf'alma ka`i n`a suneq'isei n`a susswre'uei ap`o t`on k'wdik'a mac s`e <'enan ut`o mpore~i n`a pro\-ka\-l'esei >ak'oma ka`i ut`o st`hn >argk`o to~u {\rm \TeX} l'egetai {\tengs >aperi'oristoc the def ! Forbidden control sequence found while scanning definition of \\newword. \ \rb \ \\bye l.3 \\bye ? h I suspect you have forgotten a `\rb', causing me to read past where you wanted me to stop. I'll try to recover; but if the error is serious, you'd better type `E' or `X' now and fix your file. ? No pages of output. \enduser \noindent Profan~wc t`o sf'alma mac st`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h e>~inai sobar'o. >E`an sumbe~i st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika (<'opwc st`o parap'anw par'adeigma), t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en j`a m~ac d'wsei o>'ute m'ia sel'ida stoiqeiojethm'enou keim'enou! >E`an parale'iyoume m'ia dexi`a >agk'ulh kat`a t`hn qr'hsh m'iac makroentol~hc, t'ote e`an >'eqou\-me agk'ulh, t'ote st`hn qeir'oterh per'iptwsh j`a katastr'eyoume m'ia par'a\-grafo.% \TeXref{205} M`e l'iga l'ogia, <'otan >emfanisje~i <'ena sf'alma, kal`o e>~inai n`a shmei'wsoume t`on >arijm`o t~hc gramm~hc <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} >ent'opise (>e`an >ent'opise) t`o sf'alma. >Ep'ishc kal`o e>~inai n`a shmei'wsoume ka`i t`hn gramm`h po`u xekin~a m`e t`o jaumastik`o ka`i m~ac d'inei m'ia s'untomh di'agnwsh to~u sf'almatoc. >E`an t`o t'i >'eqei sumbe~i d`en m~ac e>~inai xek'ajaro, mporo~ume >ep'ishc n`a zht'hsoume >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} periss'oterec leptom'ereiec plhktrolog'wntac {\tt h}. St`ic peript'wseic mikr~wn sfalm'atwn, t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a bre~i k'apoia l'ush, <'otan >eme~ic >apokrijo~ume m'onon m`e {\tt }. \section{Sk'abontac l'igo baj'utera} St`o kef'alaio a>ut`o j`a >exet'asoume merik`a j'emata po`u m~ac >epitr'epoun n`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e megal'uterh e>ukol'ia ka`i >apotelesmatik'othta. Kaj`wc t`a >'entupa po`u j`a stoiqeiojeto~ume j`a g'inontai <'olo ka`i megal'utera ka`i poluplok'wtera, k'apoiec >'allec teqnik`ec j`a m~ac fano~un >exairetik`a qr'hsimec. \subsection{Meg'ala ka`i mikr`a >arqe~ia} T`o {\rm \TeX} >'eqei t`hn dunat'othta n`a diab'azei >all`a ka`i n`a gr'afei >arqe~ia kaj`wc tr'eqei. A>ut`h epitr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume mikr`a >arqe~ia t`a ~inai pi`o e>'ukola st`hn qr'hsh touc. >'Etsi dhmiourgo~ume <'ena {\tengs k'urio >arqe~io\/} >`h {\tengs >arqe~io--korm`o\/} m'esw| to~u arqe~ia m`e t`hn seir`a po`u >eme~ic ut`o t`o ke'imeno, p.q., >apotele~itai >ap`o \ifwritinganswers \def\next{d'wdeka}% \else \def\next{<'endeka}% \fi \next\ kef'alaia ka`i d'uo e>isagwg'ec. >Epipl'eon, arqe~io m`e t`hn >onomas'ia, p.q., {\tt macros.tex}; t`ic e>isagwg`ec mporo~ume n`a t`ic >'eqoume s`e d'uo >'alla kef'alaia, p.q., {\tt intro1.tex} ka`i {\tt intro2.tex}; ka`i t`o k'aje kef'alaio mporo~ume n`a t`o >'eqoume s`e <'ena xeqwrist`o >arqe~io. Gi`a n`a po~ume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a diab'asei <'ena >arqe~io, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\input}. Genik'a, gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\input filename}, d'inoume st`o {\rm \TeX} t`hn >entol`h n`a diab'asei ka`i n`a >epexergasje~i >am'eswc t`o >arqe~io m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt filename.tex}. T`o telik`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai <'ena 'entupo, <'opwc j`a e>'iqame st`hn per'iptwsh po`u arqe~io {\tt filename.tex} >apotelo~use m'eroc to~u >arqe'iou po`u peri'eqei t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input filename}. T`o >arqe~io m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input...} mpore~i n`a kale~i ka`i >'alla >arqe~ia >ekt`oc to~u {\tt filename.tex}; ka`i >ak'oma t`o {\tt filename.tex} mpore~i ka`i a>ut`o m`e t`hn seir'a tou n`a kale~i >'alla >arqe~ia. St`hn pi`o sunhjism'enh per'iptwsh <'omwc, fti'aqnoume <'ena ka`i m'ono >arqe~io--korm`o t`o 'alla >arqe~ia po`u peri'eqoun tm'hmata to~u keim'enou, <'opwc dhl.\ sumba'inei st`o parak'atw par'adeigma: \toindex{input} \beginuser \\input macros \\input intro1 \\input intro2 \\input sec1 \\input sec2 \\input sec3 \\input sec4 \\input sec5 \\input sec6 \\input sec7 \\input sec8 \\input sec9 \\input sec10 \\input sec11 \ifwritinganswers \def\next{\\input sec12}% \else \def\next{\relax}% \fi \next \enduser <'Otan ~inai >ak'oma pl'hrhc, mporo~ume n`a >epexergasjo~ume m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} m'ono <'osa mikr`a >arqe~ia >'eqoume empr`oc >ap`o k'aje gramm`h to~u k'wdika po`u kale~i <'ena m`h arqe~io ({\rm commenting out}). el'egqou {\tt \\input} m~ac >epitr'epei >ak'oma n`a qrhsimopoio~ume >arqe~ia po`u peri'eqoun prosqediasm'enouc 'eqoume <'ena >arqe~io m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt memo.tex} po`u n`a peri'eqei m'onon uto`i o~inai o'allwn paromo'iwn param'etrwn, >`h mpore~i n`a j'etoun a>ut'omata t`hn <'wra ka`i t`hn epikefal'ida to~u Ap`o t`hn stigm`h po`u >'eqoume arqe~io {\tt memo.tex}, d`en qrei'azetai n`a >epanalamb'anoume to`uc arke~i ka`i m'ono n`a b'azoume t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input memo} st`hn pr'wth gramm`h k'aje n'eou arqe~io po`u kalo~ume m`e {\tt\\input...} d`en j`a pr'epei n`a peri'eqei t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\bye}, giat`i t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a stamat'hsei t`hn >epexergas'ia tou s''\NB{}a>ut`o >akrib~wc t`o shme~io! \exercise Dhmiourg~hste <'ena >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} po`u n`a kale~i <'ena de'utero >arqe~io. Dokim'aste n`a kal'este d'uo for`ec t`o de'utero >arqe~io, gr'afontac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input...} d'uo for`ec >ent`oc to~u pr'wtou. \subsection{Megal'utera pak'eta {\lsecfont macro}} Profan~wc, ent'upwn e>~inai >exairetik`a qr'hsimh. Gi`a par'adeigma, poll`a panepist'hmia >apaito~un o'eqoun m'ia sugkekrim'enh (ka`i suqn`a pol'uplokh) morf'h. `h >alli~wc <'enoc {\tengs pak'etou} {\sl macro}, po`u n`a ent'upou, e>~inai doulei`a >ep'iponh ka`i t`o >arqe~io (>`h t`a >arqe~ia) po`u j`a prok'uyoun mpore~i n`a >'eqei entol`h {\tt \\input...}, <'opwc perigr'ayame pi`o p'anw. 'eqei k'ati kal'utero gi`a meg'ala pak'eta {\rm macro}. <'Ena pak'eto {\rm macro} mpore~i n`a sumpuknwje~i s`e m'ia e>idik`h morf`h po`u diab'azetai pol`u gr'hgora >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX\null}. T`o sumpuknwm'eno >arqe~io >onom'azetai {\tengs >arqe~io morf~hc} (st`hn gl'wssa to~u {\rm \TeX}, {\rm format file}). (T`o p~wc >akrib~wc e>~inai a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io, >'eqei m'allon m'onon teqnik`o >endiaf'eron ka`i gi'' a>ut`o d`en j`a m~ac >apasqol'hsei periss'otero.) T`o >arqe~io morf~hc m~ac >epitr'epei n`a tr'eqoume t`o {\rm \TeX} >'eqontac prokajor'isei poll`ec n'eec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou. D`en j`a pr'epei akolouj'iec >el'egqou >apotelo~un m'eroc t~hc kardi~ac to~u {\rm \TeX} ka`i gi`a t`on l'ogo a>ut`o >apokalo~untai {\tengs prwt'ogonec} ({\rm primitive}). <'O,ti perigr'ayame s`e egqeir'idio suqn`a >apokale~itai {\rm plain \TeX} (entol`ec kaj`wc ka`i <'ena pak'eto {\rm macro} s`e <'ena >arqe~io morf~hc po`u arqe~io {\tt plain.fmt} kale~itai a>ut'omata >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} k'aje for`a po`u t`o tr'eqoume. Gi`a to`uc per'iergouc, el'egqou {\tt \\show} po`u d'inei t`o p~wc >akrib~wc akolouj'ia >el'egqou. P.q., entol`h {\tt \\show\\centerline} j`a m~ac d'wsei st`hn >oj'onh ka`i j`a katagr'ayei st`o sqetik`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} t`a >ak'olouja: \beginliteral > \centerline=macro: #1->\line {\hss #1\hss }. @endliteral \noindent Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\show...} gi`a n`a >exet'asoume ka`i diko'uc mac Epipl'eon, <'otan qrhsimopoio~ume poll`a pak'eta {\rm macro}, mporo~ume m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\show...} n`a >el'eg\-xoume >e`an k'apoio sugkekrim'eno {\rm macro} >'eqei `h >'oqi. Sun'hjwc maz`i m`e k'aje >egkat'astash to~u {\rm\TeX} d'inetai ka`i t`o pak'eto {\rm macro \LaTeX\null}. A>ut`o t`o pak'eto m~ac >epitr'epei n`a dhmiourgo~ume m`e e>ukol'ia (sqed`on a>ut'omata) eep'ishc t`hn dunat'othta n`a paremb'aloume st`o >'entup'o mac elle'iyeic, e>uje~iec ka`i b'elh. T`o {\rm\LaTeX} >ak'oma qrhsimopoie~i e>idik`a prokajorism'ena {\tengs >arqe~ia t'axhc\/} ({\rm class files}) ka`i {\tengs >arqe~ia <'ufouc\/} ({\rm style files}) gi`a n`a d'wsei sugkekrim'enh <'ufoc (morf'h) st`ic sel'idec to~u >ent'upou >an'alogac m`e t`hn qr'hsh tou (p.q., bibl'io, >episthmonik`o >'arjro, >'ekjesh, k.>'a.) >Arqe~ia t'axhc ka`i <'ufouc Epipl'eon, poll`a >episthmonik`a periodik`a d'eqontai >'arjra pr`oc dhmos'ieush <'opwc t`a >'eqei ef'' <'oson e>~inai gramm'ena s'umfwna m`e t`o {\rm\LaTeX} ka`i s`e sunduasm`o m`e k'apoio sugkekrim'eno >arqe~io <'ufouc. Mi~ac ka`i >'eqoume >'hdh m'ajei >arket`a gi`a t`o {\rm\TeX}, t`o n`a per'asoume st`hn qr'hsh to~u {\rm\LaTeX} d`en e>~inai kaj'olou d'uskolo. Gi`a to`uc >endiafer'omenouc ap`o t`on {\rm Leslie Lamport}, t`on sqediast`h a>uto~u to~u pak'etou: {\sl \LaTeX: A document preparation system} ({\rm 2nd edition})\fnote{\rm Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994, ISBN 0-201-52983-1.}. >Ep'ishc, Ap'ostoloc Sur'opouloc to~u Dhmokr'iteiou Panepisthm'iou Jr'akhc >'eqei gr'ayei t`o pr~wto egqeir'idio gi`a t`o {\rm\LaTeX}\fnote{(({\sl\LaTeX})), >Ekd'oseic Parathrht'hc, Jessalon'ikh 1998, {\rm ISBN} 960-260-990-7.}. Amerikanik`h Majhmatik`h ekd'idei. T`o >egqeir'idio a>uto~u to~u pak'etou, gramm'eno >ap`o t`on {\rm Michael Spivak} m`e t'itlo: {\sl The Joy of \TeX}\fnote{\rm American Mathematical Society, 1986, ISBN 0-8218-2999-8.}, diat'ijetai >ap`o t`hn >Amerikanik`h Majhmatik`h Ekt`oc >ap`o t`a parap'anw pak'eta {\rm macro}, 'alla. Sun'hjwc diat'ijentai >ap`o to`uc sqediast'ec touc dwre`an >`h s`e pol`u qamhl`h tim'h, ka`i s`e poll`ec peript'wseic >apodei\-kn'u\-ontai >exairetik`a qr'hsima (p.q., gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume n'otec s`e pent'agrammo, n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume s`e gl~wssec p'era >ap`o t`hn >Agglik'h, k.lp.). organism`oc {\rm \TeX{} Users Group} >anakoin'wnei suqn`a st`a periodik`a po`u >ekd'idei t`hn parous'ia n'ewn pak'etwn {\rm macro}. \subsection{uje~iec gramm`ec st`o >'entupo po`u stoiqeiojeto~ume e>~inai >exairetik`a e>'ukolo m`e t`o {\rm \TeX\null}. <'Otan, k'ajwc gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac el'egqou {\tt \\hrule}, t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a diak'oyei t`hn par'agrafo s`e >eke~ino >akrib~wc t`o shme~io, n`a j'esei m'ia uje'ia gramm`h m'hkouc >'isou m`e t`hn tr'eqousa tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}, ka`i kat'opin n`a suneq'isei st`hn stoiqeiojese'ia m'iac n'eac >ar'adac. E>~inai dunat`o >eme~ic n`a kajor'isoume t`o m~hkoc t~hc uje'iac, p.q., st`a $5\,\rm cm$, gr'afontac {\tt \\hrule width 5 cm}. >Ep'ishc m`e t`ic >entol`ec {\tt \\vskip} >`h {\tt \\bigskip}, mporo~ume n`a j'esoume k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >ep'anw >`h k'atw >ap`o t`hn uje'ia. ut`h uje'ia >'oqi m'onon >'eqei m~hkoc tre~ic >'intsec, >all`a >ex 'eqei <'uyoc 0,4 stigm`ec (t'oso >ekte'inetai >ep'anw >ap`o t`hn basik`h gramm`h <'opou stoiqeiojete~itai) ka`i b'ajoc 0 stigm'ec (t'oso >ekte'inetai k'atw >ap`o t`hn basik'h gramm`h <'opou stoiqeiojete~itai). Mporo~ume n`a metab'aloume ap`o t`ic param'etrouc m~hkoc, <'uyoc >`h b'ajoc. >'Etsi mporo~ume n`a metab'aloume t`o prohgo'umeno par'adeigma ex~hc: {\tt \\hrule width 3 in height 2 pt depth 3 pt } \noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume {\rm \parindent = 0 pt Here is the text before the hrule. \bigskip \hrule width 3 in height 2 pt depth 3 pt And here is some text after the hrule. } \noindent T`ic tre~ic param'etrouc {\tt width}, {\tt height} ka`i {\tt depth} mporo~ume n`a t`ic Anal'ogwc, mporo~ume n`a >enj'esoume m'ia katak'orufh e>uje'ia gramm`h kajor'izontac --- >e`an kr'inoume >apara'ithto --- t`a >ant'istoiqa {\tt width}, {\tt height} ka`i {\tt depth}.% \TeXref{221--222} <'Omwc, s`e >ant'ijesh m`e t`ic uje~iec, m'ia katak'orufh e>uje'ia d`en sunep'agetai t`hn >'enarxh n'eac >ar'adac. >Ex ~inai 0,4 stigm`ec ka`i t`o <'uyoc thc <'oso t`o <'uyoc t~hc >ar'adac <'opou paremb'alletai. Sunep~wc uje~iec gramm`ec po`u n`a >ap'eqoun 15 stigm`ec ap`o t`hn >'allh, n`a >'eqoun m~hkoc 3 >'intsec ka`i n`a br'iskontai m'ia >'intsa pi`o m'esa (pi`o dexi'a) >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio. Ouje~iec mpore~i n`a >'eqoun pol`u periss'oterec qr'hseic >ap`o <'osec martur~a onomas'ia touc. Gi`a par'adeigma, ak'oloujo tetr'agwno (k'aje br'ogqoc to~u tetra\-g'w\-nou >'eqei >embad`o $1\,\rm cm^2$): \medskip \settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr \moveright 2 in \vbox{ \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm } \subsection{Pla'isia >ent`oc plais'iwn} E>'idame >'hdh st`hn suz'hths'h mac gi`a t`hn di'ataxh t~wn >ar'adwn (kef'alaio\NB{}3) <'oti t`a pla'isia {\rm vbox} ka`i {\rm hbox} mpore~i n`a m~ac parousi'asoun probl'hmata {\rm underfull} kai {\rm overfull}, dhl.\ e>'ite n`a e>~inai miso'adeia m`e 'ite n`a xeqeil'izoun p'era >ap`o t`a <'ori'a touc. S`e exet'asoume a>ut`a t`a `h katak'orufa pla'isia pi`o le\-pto\-mer~wc. Genik'a, >`ac po~ume <'oti m`e t`a pla'isia {\rm vbox} ka`i {\rm hbox} e>~inai dunat`o n`a stoiqeiojethje~i m'ia sel'ida m`e ke'imeno s`e di'aforouc sunduasmo`uc sq'hmatoc ka`i j'eshc. <'Ena entol'h: {\tt \\hbox\lb $\ldots$\rb}\null. T`o agkul~wn to~u {\rm hbox} jewre~itai ut`o shma'inei p`wc <'otan j'eloume k'ati n`a mpe~i s`e m'ia xeqwrist`h >ar'ada, mporo~ume n`a t`o j'esoume >ent`oc ~inai dunat`o n`a kajor'isoume t`o m'egejoc 'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \\hbox to 5 cm\lb contents of the box\rb}, j`a l'aboume stoiqeiojethm'enh t`hn fr'ash (({\rm contents of the box})) >ent`oc ut'o, e>~inai pol`u pijan`o t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a paraponeje~i gi`a {\rm underfull} >`h {\rm overfull}. M'ia ~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume {\tt\\hfil} po`u j`a >aporrof'hsei t`o pleon'azon ken`o di'asthma. <'Otan d`en kajor'izoume t`ic diast'aseic to~u {\rm hbox}, t'ote t`o {\rm\TeX} fti'aqnei <'ena ent`oc to~u plais'iou. \toindex{hbox} Par'omoia, mporo~ume n`a fti'axoume katak'orufa pla'isia ({\rm vbox}) qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >entol'h: {\tt \\vbox\lb $\ldots$\rb}. T`o >endiaf'eron <'omwc t~wn katakor'ufwn plais'iwn br'isketai st`o <'oti <'otan <'ena {\rm vbox} peri'eqei periss'otera >ap`o <'ena {\rm hbox}, t'ote t`a {\rm hbox} topojeto~untai <'ena >ep'anw st`o >'allo. >Anal'ogwc, <'otan <'ena {\rm hbox} peri'eqei periss'otera >ap`o <'ena {\rm vbox}, t'ote t`a {\rm vbox} topojeto~untai t`o <'ena pl'ai st`o >'allo. >`Ac 'eqoume j'esei tr'ia {\rm hbox} >ent`oc apot'elesma e>~inai \vskip \baselineskip \vbox{ \rm \hbox{Contents of box 1} \hbox{Contents of box 2} \hbox{Contents of box 3} } Kat'opin >`ac 'eqoume <'ena >'allo {\rm vbox}: \beginuser \obeyspaces \\vbox\lb \ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb \ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb \ \rb \enduser A>ut`a t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} mporo~un n`a topojethjo~un s`e <'ena {\rm hbox}. T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} n`a mpo~un t`o <'ena d'ipla st`o >'allo. Dhlad`h Ax'izei n`a parathr'hsoume <'oti t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} topojeto~untai >'etsi <'wste t`o k'atw m'eroc touc n`a br'isketai st`hn >'idia e>uje'ia. >Epipl'eon, st`hn >arq`h k'aje >ar'adac, <'opwc >ep'ishc ka`i metax`u t~wn {\rm vbox}, it'ia po`u prokale~i t`hn >emf'anish a>ut~wn t~wn ken~wn d`en e>~inai profan'hc. T`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn d'uo {\rm vbox} pro'erqetai >ap`o t`o ken`o di'asthma >`h t`on qarakt'hra {\tt } (po`u all`a d`en fa'inontai) met`a t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh ({\tt \rb}) po`u kle'inei t`o pr~wto {\tt \\vbox} st`on k'wdika. Paromo'iwc, t`o mikr`o ken`o di'asthma st`hn >arq`h k'aje >ar'adac to~u pr'wtou {\rm vbox}, pro'erqetai >ap`o k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >`h {\tt } >am'eswc met`a t`hn pr'wth >arister`h >agk'ulh to~u {\tt \\hbox} po`u peri'eqei t`a d'uo {\tt \\vbox}. ut~wn t~wn ken~wn mpore~i >'allote n`a m~ac e>~inai qr'hsimh --- p.q., >e`an j'eloume n`a m`hn koll'aei t`o <'ena {\rm vbox} >ep'anw st`o >'allo --- ka`i >'allote >epiz'hmia --- p.q., n`a m~ac prokale~i ara'iwsh t~wn {\rm vbox}. >E`an j'eloume n`a m`hn 'idouc ken`a diast'hmata, j`a pr'epei >am'eswc met`a >ap`o k'aje >agk'ulh po`u >emfan'izetai m'onh thc st`o dexi`o >'akro mi~ac gramm~hc to~u k'wdika, n`a gr'afoume t`on qarakt'hra to~u sqol'iou {\tt \%} ({\rm commenting out}). Mporo~ume loip`on n`a >all'axoume t`on parap'anw k'wdika j'etontac {\tt \%} met`a t`hn pr'wth >arister`h >agk'ulh to~u {\tt \\hbox} ka`i met`a t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh po`u kle'inei t`o pr~wto {\tt \\vbox}: \beginuser \obeyspaces \\hbox\lb\% \ \\vbox\lb \ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb \ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb \ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb \ \rb\% \ \\vbox\lb \ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb \ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb \ \rb \ \rb \enduser \noindent T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai n`a m`hn arq`h k'aje >ar'adac to~u pr'wtou {\rm vbox}, ka`i t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} n`a koll'hsoun t`o <'ena pl'ai st`o >'allo: \vskip \baselineskip \hbox{\rm% \vbox{ \hbox{Contents of box 1} \hbox{Contents of box 2} \hbox{Contents of box 3} }% \vbox{ \hbox{Contents of box 4} \hbox{Contents of box 5} } } Mporo~ume n`a j'esoume parap'anw ken`o di'asthma, p.q., $1\,\rm cm$, metax`u t~wn {\rm vbox} gr'afontac {\tt \\hskip 1 cm} >an'amesa st`a {\tt \\vbox\lb...\rb} to~u k'wdika. >Ak'oma, mporo~ume n`a e>ujugramm'isoume t`a {\rm vbox} el'egqou {\tt \\vtop} >ant`i t~hc {\tt \\vbox}. apot'elesma a>ut~wn t~wn >allag~wn: \toindex{vtop} \vskip \baselineskip \hbox{ \rm \vtop{ \hbox{Contents of box 1} \hbox{Contents of box 2} \hbox{Contents of box 3} } \hskip 1 cm \vtop{ \hbox{Contents of box 4} \hbox{Contents of box 5} } } M`e kat'allhlo sunduasm`o {\rm vbox}, {\rm hbox}, katak'orufwn ka`i ujei~wn, mporo~ume n`a perikle'isoume <'ena m'eroc to~u keim'enou mac m`e ut`o >akrib~wc? <'Enac tr'opoc e>~inai n`a j'esoume t`o ke'imeno >ent`oc 'eqei st`hn >arq`h ka`i st`o t'eloc tou (dhl.\ st`a >arister`a ka`i st`a dexi'a tou) m'ia mikr`h katak'orufh e>uje'ia ({\tt \\vrule}). Kat'opin, j'etoume t`o {\rm hbox} >ent`oc ap`o >ep'anw ka`i k'atw m`e d'uo uje~iec ({\tt \\hrule}). apot'elesma: \vskip \baselineskip \vbox{ \hrule \hbox{\vrule\rm The text to be boxed \vrule} \hrule } >'Etsi pr'agmati lamb'anoume ke'imeno perigegramm'eno >ap`o <'ena parallhl'ogrammo, >all`a t`o a>isjhtik`o >apot'elesma d`en e>~inai ka`i >idia'itera 'edwse >akrib~wc <'o,ti to~u zht'hsame!) Mporo~ume n`a belti'wsoume t`o parap'anw par'adeigma j'etontac <'ena {\tt \\strut} st`hn >arq`h to~u {\rm hbox}, >'etsi <'wste t`o {\rm hbox} n`a g'inei l'igo yhl'otero ka`i makr'utero. Dhlad'h: \vskip \baselineskip \vbox{ \hrule \hbox{\strut \vrule{} \rm The text to be boxed \vrule} \hrule } \def\boxtext#1{% \vbox{% \hrule \hbox{\strut \vrule{} \rm #1 \vrule}% \hrule }% } \exercise Giat'i pr'epei n`a b'aloume >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma p'anw ka`i k'atw >ap`o t`o ke'imeno ka`i >'oqi dexi`a ka`i >arister'a tou? \exercise Qrhsimopoi~hste t`hn parap'anw m'ejodo gi`a n`a j'esete m'ia kentrarism'enh >ar'ada >ent`oc ekte'inetai >ap`o t`o >arister`o >'ewc t`o dexi`o perij'wrio. \exercise J'etontac >enn'ea mikr`a parallhl'ogramma t`o <'ena >ep'anw st`o >'allo, >`h t`o <'ena d'ipla st`o >'allo, kataskeu'aste t`o eswterik`ec e>uje~iec to~u parap'anw magiko~u tetrag'wnou >'eqoun dipl'asio p'aqoc >ap`o t`ic >exwterik'ec. >'Iswc >ep'ishc n`a eke~i po`u dia\-stau\-r'wnontai oeswterik`ec e>uje~iec. Diorj~wste a>ut`a t`a probl'hmata to~u magiko~u te\-tra\-g'wnou. \def\boxtext#1 {% \vbox{% \hrule \hbox{\strut \vrule #1\vrule}% \hrule } } \exercise 'onoma { \tt \\boxtext\#1\lb$\ldots$\rb}, t`o utom'a\-twc t`o ke'imeno po`u perikle'ietai >ap`o t`ic >agk'ulec >ent`oc efarmog`h a>uto~u to~u {\rm macro} m`e m'ia pr'otas'h sac st`hn ~inai >ent`oc ~imai \boxtext ka`i t'oso \boxtext s'igouroc <'oti \boxtext t`o a>isjhtik`o \boxtext >apot'elesma j`a \boxtext s~ac >enjousi'asei. Parathr~hste p~wc e>ujugramm'izontai ut`a t`a pla'isia >ep'anw st`hn gramm`h b'ashc t~hc >ar'adac. \def\boxtext#1 {% \lower 3.5pt \hbox{% \vbox{% \hrule \hbox{\strut \vrule #1\vrule}% \hrule } } } `h {\rm vbox} pr`oc t`a p'anw, k'atw, >arister`a >`h dexi`a >ep`i t~hc sel'idac to~u >ent'upou, mpore~i n`a g'inei pol`u e>'ukola. Gi`a par'adeigma, >e`an j'eloume n`a meta\-kin'h\-soume <'ena {\rm vbox} m'ia >'intsa pr`oc t`a dexi'a, >arke~i n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdika {\tt \\moveright 1 in \\vbox\lb\dots\rb}. Gi`a n`a t`o metakin'hsoume pr`oc t`a >arister'a, gr'afoume {\tt \\moveleft}. Paro\-mo'iwc, mporo~ume n`a meta\-kin'h\-soume <'ena {\rm hbox} pr`oc t`a p'anw >`h pr`oc t`a k'atw qrhsimopoi'wntac t`ic >ant'istoiqec l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\raise} >`h {\tt \\lower}. \toindex{moveright} \toindex{moveleft} \toindex{raise} \toindex{lower} \exercise Diorj~wste t`o {\rm macro} {\tt \\boxtext} t~hc prohgo'umenhc >'askhshc >'etsi <'wste <'olec oar'adac (>ent`oc ka`i >ekt`oc plais'iou) n`a br'iskontai >ep`i t~hc >'idiac uje'iac. (ex ~inai 3,5 stigm'ec.) M`e t`o diorjwm'eno {\rm macro} j`a pr'epei na mpore~ite n`a gr'afete m'ia pr'otash s`an ka`i t`hn >ak'oloujh: {\rm I'm \boxtext not quite \boxtext sure why \boxtext someone would \boxtext do this \boxtext since the \boxtext result is \boxtext pretty strange} (>`h \boxtext ~imai \boxtext ka`i t'oso \boxtext s'igouroc <'oti \boxtext t`o a>isjhtik`o \boxtext >apot'elesma j`a \boxtext s~ac >enjousi'asei). >E`an e>~inai >apara'ithto mporo~ume n`a gem'isoume <'ena {\rm hbox} m`e m`e m'ia uje'ia >`h suneq'omenec tele~iec. A>ut`o mporo~ume n`a t`o pet'uqoume qrhsimopoi'wntac t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\hrulefill} >`h {\tt \\dotfill} >ent`oc to~u {\tt \\hbox\lb\dots\rb}, <'opwc st`o ut`oc m~ac d'inei: \vskip \baselineskip \hbox to 5 in{\rm Getting Started\hrulefill 1} \hbox to 5 in{\rm All Characters Great and Small\hrulefill 9} \hbox to 5 in{\rm The Shape of Things to come\hrulefill 17} \hbox to 5 in{\rm No Math Anxiety Here!\hrulefill 30} >E`an st`hn j'esh to~u {\tt \\hrulefill} gr'ayoume {\tt \\dotfill}, t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai: \vskip \baselineskip \hbox to 5 in{\rm Getting Started\dotfill 1} \hbox to 5 in{\rm All Characters Great and Small\dotfill 9} \hbox to 5 in{\rm The Shape of Things to come\dotfill 17} \hbox to 5 in{\rm No Math Anxiety Here!\dotfill 30} \exercise ent`oc ut`hn t~wn sel'idwn egqeirid'iou. \section{P'ec mou to ~inai ka`i uto~u to~u kefala'iou: {\tengs 'eqei grafe~i gi`a <'ena sugkekrim'eno pak'eto 'alla pak'eta all'axoun t`o ke'imeno ka`i t`a parade'igmata s'umfwna m`e t`ic dik'ec touc >an'agkec. <'Omwc d`en j`a pr'epei n`a >all'axoun t`hn dom`h to~u kefala'iou.}] S`e <'ola t`a prohgo'umena kef'alaia >exet'asame t`ic basik`ec >arq`ec to~u {\rm \TeX} >anafer'omenoi <'omwc p'anta s`e parade'igmata stoiqeiojes'iac keim'enwn po`u sthr'izontai st`o latinik`o >alf'a\-bhto. E>~inai pol`u pijan`o k'apoioi >anagn~wstec n`a bar'ejhkan <'olec a>ut`ec t`ic >exhg'hseic per`i to~u {\rm \TeX} m`e >agglik`a parade'igmata. <'Omwc, <'opwc xananaf'erame, t`o {\rm \TeX} prwtosqedi'asjhke gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn >ent'upwn. >All`a p~wc t`a kataf'ernei m`e t`a ak'oma ka`i kin'ezika --- >arke~i n`a >'eqei t`ic kat'allhlec grammatoseir'ec (ka`i >'iswc ka`i merik`ec 'oqi majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn) m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}, sqedi'asjhkan >ap`o t`on {\rm Sylvio Levy} st`o Panepist'hmio {\rm Princeton} t~wn H.P.A\null. ~inai gnwsto`i sto`uc <'ellhnec tupogr'afouc arg'otera en`w kat'opin 'onoma \greektex. >Ekt`oc t~wn grammatoseir~wn t~wn {\rm Levy}--Qaral'ampouc, teleuta~ia parousi'asjhkan ka`i meriko`i >'alloi Ep'ishc, >ekt`oc to~u \greektex\ 'alla ap`o t`o >'allo\fnote{<'Osoi >anagn~wstec >'eqoun pr'osbash st`o {\rm Internet} ka`i x'eroun p~wc n`a qeirisjo~un <'ena >arqe~io \LaTeX, mporo~un n`a >anazht'hsoun periss'oterec plhrofor'iec gi`a arqe~io {\tt greekinf2.ltx} t`o 'arjro: {\rm I. Dimakos, ``It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of all available \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ tools'', (1996)}. T`o >arqe~io a>ut`o mpore~i n`a t`o l'abei kane`ic m`e {\tt ftp} >ap`o t`on kat'alogo {\tt tex-archive/help/greek} t~wn k'ombwn {\tt ftp.tex.ac.uk} ka`i {\tt ftp.dante.de}.}. exet'asoume t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia ak'oma ka`i st`hn per'iptwsh po`u d`en oj'onhc). \subsection{all`a >'oqi ka`i ~inai n`a fort'wsoume ka`i n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic E`an d`en ~htan n`a t`ic >ana\-zh\-t'h\-soume e>'ite m'esw| f'ilwn ka`i gnwst~wn e>'ite m'esw| to~u {\rm Internet}. >E`an st`on arqe~ia m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt kdgr10.mf}, {\tt kdgr10.tfm}, k.lp. St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h gi`a n`a fort'wsoume to`uc 'onoma {\tt \\tengr}, gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac: \beginliteral \font\tengr=kdgr10 scaled \magstep0 @endliteral \noindent Sunolik'a, o~inai >enn'ea <'opwc fa'inetai st`on Onoma & \tengb T'upoc \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} \ kdrg10 & 'entona 'entona 'entona entol`h n`a fort'wsei pl'agiouc onomas'ia {\tt \\bgrsl}: \beginliteral \font\bgrsl=kdsl10 scaled \magstep1 @endliteral >Ef'' <'oson >'eqoume fort'wsei to`uc epijumo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia to~u keim'enou mac, t'ote mpo\-ro~u\-me n`a gr'ayoume \beginuser \\tengr Kalhm'era, k'osme! \enduser \noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume Kalhm'era, k'osme! St`o parap'anw par'adeigma, bl'epoume <'oti st`on k'wdik'a mac gr'afoume t`o 'entup'o mac lamb'anoume ut`o >ofe'iletai st`on tr'opo m`e t`on 'eqoun kwdikopoihje~i oarq`h to~u {\rm \TeX} s'umfwna m`e t`hn arqe~io {\tt .tex} (dhl.\ >arqe~io po`u peri'eqei k'wdika {\rm \TeX}) j`a pr'epei n`a mpore~i n`a metaferje~i >ap`o ap`o t`hn arqe~io {\tt .tex} po`u gr'afei, p.q., s`e <'enan {\rm Macintosh}, s`e <'enan 'eqei to`uc oj'onh, j`a pr'epei t`o >arqe~io a>ut`o n`a peri'eqei latiniko`uc ka`i m'onon qarak~hrec. (Gi`a <'osouc kat'eqoun k'ati periss'otero >ap`o ut`o shma'inei <'oti t`o >arqe~io {\tt .tex} d`en j`a pr'epei n`a peri'eqei qarakt~hrec m`e kwdik`o {\rm ASCII} megal'utero to~u 127.) Sunep~wc, <'otan qrhsimopoio~ume to`uc t'upouc to~u \greektex\ gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia ak'oloujh >antistoiq'ia: \medskip \centerline{\vbox{% \halign{% # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & % 10 # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & % 20 # & # & # & # & #\cr% 25 \tt a & \tt b & \tt g & \tt d & \tt e & \tt z & \tt h & \tt j & \tt i & \tt k & % 10 \tt l & \tt m & \tt n & \tt x & \tt o & \tt p & \tt r & \tt s & \tt t & \tt u & % 20 \tt f & \tt q & \tt y & \tt w & \tt c\cr% 25 a & b & g & d & e & z & h & j & i & k & % 10 l & m & n & x & o & p & r & s & t & u & % 20 f & q & y & w & c\cr% 25 }% }% } Oempr`oc >ap`o t`a fwn'henta. P.q., m`e {\tt >'a}, lamb'anoume:\NB{}>'a, dhl.\ t`o >'alfa m`e yi\-l`h ka`i >oxe'ia. Genik'wtera, gi`a n`a l'aboume <'ena fwn~hen m`e t'ono ka`i pne~uma >`h dialutik'a, st`on k'wdika gr'afoume pr~wta t`o pne~uma >`h t`a dialutik'a, met`a t`on t'ono ka`i met`a t`o fwn~hen. idiaiter'othta, >epeid`h lamb'anetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra {\tt \~{}}\null. St`o kef'alaio\NB{}2 e>'idame <'oti ut`oc gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai e>idik`oc ka`i shma'inei s'undesmo, dhl.\ >adi'akopto ken`o di'asthma. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume t`a mplex'imata, >e`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`ic apo\-ener\-gopoio~ume pr~wta t`on s'undesmo {\tt \~{}} qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\catcode}.\TeXref{43--49} el'egqou {\tt\\catcode} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a >al\-l'a\-zou\-me t`hn shmas'ia to~u k'aje qarakt'hra to~u k'wdik'a mac. St`o ~inai pl'eon e>idik'oc; l'igo pi`o k'atw, gr'afontac {\tt\\catcode`\\\~{}=13 \\def\~{}\lb\\penalty10000\\\NB{}\rb}, >epanor'izoume t`on qara\-kt'hra {\tt\~{}} idik`o po`u ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX} adi'akopto ken`o di'asthma: \toindex{catcode} \beginliteral @obeyspaces \tengr % We want to typeset greek text @ % using GreeKTeX fonts. \catcode`\~=12 % So we de-activate the tie ~ \def\NB{\penalty10000\ } % and we define \NB as non-breakable space. Kal~wc ton! S''\NB{}t`o ''pa! \rm % Now we want to switch back to roman. \catcode`\~=13 % We re-activate the tie ~ \def~{\penalty10000\ } % and we define it again as non-breakable space. Hello Mr.~Jones! @endliteral \noindent ~inai t`o r`o t~wn >Arqa'iwn ~inai das`u >`h yil'o, p.q., (({\tengs T`a p'anta ap`o t`o {\tengs a}, t`o {\tengs h\/} ka`i t`o {\tengs w}, >arke~i n`a gr'ayoume m'ia katak'orufh gramm`h {\tt |} {\tengs met`a} t`o fwn~hen. Apot'elesma \cr \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} >oxe'ia & M'h! & M'h! \cr bare'ia & T`a yhl`a boun`a & T`a yhl`a boun`a \cr perispwm'enh & P~wc t`a p~ac? & P~wc t`a p~ac? \cr yil`h & >'Afhs'e me, >'afhs'e me! & >'Afhs'e me, >'afhs'e me! \cr dase'ia & D`en >'eqw >'allh 'eqw >'allh eke'inw| & T~w| kair~w| >eke'inw| \cr dialutik`a & T`o pro"i`on to~u Ma"'iou & T`o pro"i`on to~u Ma"'iou \cr } % end halign T`a shme~ia st'ixhc t~wn ~inai par'omoia m`e a>ut`a t~wn >agglik~wn, m`e exai\-r'e\-seic. antistoiq'ia k'wdika apotel'esmatoc e>~inai a>ut`h po`u d'inetai st`on 'anw tele'iac ka`i >erwthmatiko~u): \maketable[Shme~ia st'ixhc 'anw tele'ia & ; & ; & >'anw ka`i k'atw tele'ia & : & : \cr jaumastik`o & ! & ! & >erwthmatik`o & ? & ? \cr >arister`h >ap'ostrofoc & `{}` & `` & dexi`a >ap'ostrofoc & '{}' & '' \cr >arister`a e>isagwgik`a & (( & (( & dexi`a e>isagwgik`a & )) & )) \cr } % end halign \noindent St`hn per'iptwsh po`u qreiaste~i n`a b'aloume dipl`a >agglik`a e>isagwgik`a s`e all'axoume proswrin`a s`e latiniko`uc t'upouc. P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika \beginuser ((T'i \lb\\rm ``\rb bl~hma\lb\\rm ''\rb\ po`u e>~isai!)), to~u f'wnaxe. \enduser \noindent lamb'anoume: ((T'i {\rm ``}bl~hma{\rm ''} po`u e>~i\-sai!)), to~u f'wnaxe. \subsection{Gi`a k'ati kal'utero} ekt`oc t~wn grammatoseir~wn, >'eqei ap`o 'eqoun >elafr`a beltiwje~i ka`i sugkentrwje~i st`o \greektex\ s`e <'ena >arqe~io m`e t`o <'onoma {\tt greektex.tex}. T`o >arqe~io {\tt greektex.tex} mporo~ume n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume t`a fjhn`a k'olpa gi`a t`hn perispwm'enh po`u m'olic perigr'ayame. >Arke~i ka`i m'ono n`a po~ume st`o {\rm\TeX} n`a diab'asei a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io pr`in >arq'isei n`a stoiqeiojete~i Ent`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\rm greek}, mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\gr}, {\tt \\sl}, {\tt \\bf}, {\tt \\tt} >`h {\tt \\it}, gi`a n`a l'aboume 'entonouc, t~hc grafomhqan~hc >`h pl'agiouc--kalligrafiko`uc ant'istoiqa. M'esa st`o perib'allon {\rm greek} mpo\-ro~u\-me >ak'oma n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume ka`i k'ati st`o latinik`o >alf'abhto; oel'egqou {\tt \\rm}, {\tt \\lsl}, {\tt \\lbf}, {\tt \\ltt} >`h {\tt \\lit} m~ac d'inoun latiniko`uc qarakt~hrec {\rm roman}, pl'agiouc {\rm roman}, grafomhqan~hc ka`i {\rm italic} >ant'istoiqa. <'Otan e>'imaste >ekt`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\rm greek}, oel'egqou gi`a t`hn >allag`h t'upou, <'opwc {\tt \\sl}, k.lp., d'inoun m'onon to`uc >ant'istoiqouc pl'agiouc k.lp.\ latiniko`uc t'upouc. ut`o t`o ke'imeno e>~inai >an'amikto \lb\\sl ut`o t`o ke'imeno e>~inai >an'amikto \lb\\sl ut`oc d'inei {\rm This text is mixed {\sl English} and Greek.} A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno e>~inai >an'amikto {\tengs ut`o t`o ke'imeno e>~inai >an'amikto {\tengs epan'alhyh t~wn l'exewn >el'egqou {\tt \\begingreek} ka`i {\tt \\endgreek} mpore~i n`a e>~inai >idia'itera kourastik'h. Gi`a e>ukol'ia, t`o \greektex\ m~ac d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a t`ic >anti\-kata\-st'h\-soume m`e t`o s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou ({\tt \$}) >`h m`e t`o s'umbolo t~hc katak'orufhc gram\-m~hc ({\tt |})\null. anti\-kat'a\-stash a>ut`h g'inetai gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt \\greekdelims\lb dollar\rb} >`h {\tt \\greekdelims\lb bar\rb} >ant'i\-stoiqa. <'Omwc ka`i oapaito~un prosoq'h. St`hn per'iptwsh po`u qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\tt \$} 'endeixh >arq~hc ka`i t'elouc el'egqou {\tt \\math}, {\tt \\display} ka`i {\tt \\enddisplay}. Gi`a par'adeigma, m`e {\tt \\math a = b \\math}, lam\-b'a\-noume >ent`oc st'iqou: $a = b$, >en`w m`e {\tt \\display a = b .\ \\enddisplay}, lam\-b'a\-noume >ent`oc plais'iou: $$ a = b .$$ >E`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn katak'orufh gramm'h ({\tt |}) 'endeixh >arq~hc ka`i t'elouc 'eqoume duskol'ia n`a gr'ayoume k'apoio >arqa~io ke'imeno >`h ke'imeno t~hc kajare'uousac m`e ~inai protim'wtero n`a anorj'ografo par'adeigma: \toindex{greekdelims} \toindex{math} \toindex{display} \toindex{enddisplay} \beginliteral \input greektex \greekdelims{dollar} @null This is a latin text: \math a \neq b \math. Mr.~Jones Mr.~Jones @dots Mr.~Jones Mr.~Jones. $ ano`h \display a = b. \enddisplay $ Now we continue in english! @endliteral \noindent ut`oc d'inei {\rm This is a latin text $ a \neq b $. Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB{}Jones Mr.\NB{}Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB{}Jones \dotfill\ Mr.\NB{}Jones. {\tengr ano`h } $$ a = b. $$ {\rm Now we continue in english!} } % end and roman T'eloc, t`o \greektex\ >ekt`oc >ap`o t`hn l'ush m`e t`o {\tt greektex.tex}, m~ac prosf'erei ka`i k'ati >ak'oma kal'utero: <'ena sumpuknwm'eno >arqe~io morf~hc m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt greek.fmt}. Mporo~ume loip`on n`a po~ume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >epexergasje~i <'ena >arqe~io mac, p.q., t`o {\tt mygrtext.tex}, ex~hc: \itemitem{} $>$ {\tt tex \&greek mygrtext} \noindent St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h d`en qrei'azetai n`a arqe~io {\tt mygrtext.tex} entol'h: {\tt \\input greektex}. T`a {\rm macro} to~u {\tt greektex.tex} d'inontai ka`i >ap`o t`o >arqe~io morf~hc {\tt greek.fmt}. >Epi\-pl'eon, t`o {\tt greek.fmt} peri'eqei ka`i ut`o e>~inai protim'wterh arqe~io morf~hc {\tt greek.fmt}, >idiait'erwc <'otan pr'okeitai n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume meg'ala ak'oloujo afo~u pr~wta fort'wsete kat'allhla t`ic Epip'onwc d`e h'ergoic u ta>ut`a per`i a>ut~wn >'elegon, >all'' uno'iac >`h mn'hmhc >'eqei. (Joukud'idhc, bibl'io\NB{}I, {\rm xxii},\NB{}3) } % end narrower \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo urano`uc t~h| >af'atw| Sou ken'wsei. ({\tengs T`o Trop'arion t~hc Kassian~hc\/}) } % end narrower \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo agapo~ume --- m`h gel'asoume to`uc >'allouc, m`h m~ac gel'asoun\dots\ (Dh\-m'h\-trhc Qatz~hc, {\tengs T`o dipl`o bibl'io}, 2h >'ekdosh, >Ekd.\ ((Ke'imena)), >Aj'hna 1977, sel.\NB112) } \subsection{K'apoioi sp'anioi arijm~wn s'umfwna m`e t`o s'usthma t~wn >alexandrin~wn majhmatik~wn. S'umfwna m`e a>ut`o t`o s'usthma, t`o st'igma >antistoiqe~i st`o <'exi, t`o k'oppa st`o >enen'hnta ka`i t`o samp`i st`o >enniak'osia. T`o d'igamma qrhsimopoie~itai sp'ania st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >arqa'iac uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec, j`a pr'epei n`a to`uc el'egqou {\tt\\char}.% \TeXref{43--49} \toindex{char} \beginliteral@obeyspaces \def\digamma{\char'020} % digamma (or former 6) \def\Koppa{\char'022} % capital qoppa (or 90) \def\koppa{\char'023} % small qoppa (or 90) \def\varkoppa{\char'021} % small qoppa variance (or 90) \def\sampi{\char'024} % sampi (or 900) \def\numbertick{\char'003} % upper tick for ordinal Greek numbers \def\pretick{\char'004} % lower tick for Greek thousands @endliteral \noindent Dustuq~wc, t`o st'igma le'ipei >ap`o t`ic grammatoseir`ec to~u \greektex\null. >Epeid`h <'omwc moi'azei m`e t`o telik`o s'igma, m'ia k'apwc pr'oqeirh l'ush e>~inai n`a ut`on t`on qarakt'hra ex~hc: \beginliteral@obeyspaces \def\stigma{\char'143} % stigma (or latter 6) @endliteral Sto`uc parap'anw an'wtero ({\tt\\numbertick}) ka`i <'enan kat'wtero ({\tt\\pretick}) po`u mpa'inoun p'isw >ap`o taktik`a >arijmhtik`a ka`i >empr`oc >ap`o qili'adec >ant'istoiqa. Kat'opin mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume: {\tt\lb\\tengr \\pretick a\\sampi\\stigma \\numbertick\rb = 1906}, gi`a n`a l'aboume: {\tengr\pretick a\sampi\stigma\numbertick} = 1906. >`H >ak'oma mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume: {\tt\lb\\tengr ((t`on \\digamma\lb\rb`on pa~ida kale~i)) (Sapf'w)\rb}, gi`a n`a l'aboume: ((t`on \digamma{}`on pa~ida kale~i)) (Sapf'w). \toindex{digamma} \toindex{stigma} \toindex{koppa} \toindex{varkoppa} \toindex{Koppa} \toindex{sampi} <'Otan qrhsimopoio~ume t`o >arqe~io {\tt greektex.tex} >`h t`o >arqe~io morf~hc {\tt greek.fmt}, o'idiec l'exeic >el'egqou 'hdh st`o {\tt greektex.tex} ka`i st`o {\tt greek.fmt}, m`e m'ia <'omwc shmantik`h diafor'a: en~w entol`h {\tt\\varkoppa} d`en ut`h e>~inai protim'wtero n`a >epanor'isoume t`o {\tt\\stigma} ka`i t`o {\tt\\varkoppa} <'opwc k'aname parap'anw. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: >Egr'afh >en >'etei \pretick{}a\sampi\varkoppa\stigma\numbertick \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste to`uc >ak'oloujouc d'uo st'iqouc to~u >Alka'iou (7oc a>'i.\ p.Q.)\ po`u dias'wjhkan >'ewc t`ic a'errei } \subsection{epitr'epei n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume ke'imena m`e m'ia meg'alh poikil'ia qarakt~hrwn ka`i diat'axewn. >'Arage a>ut`o shma'inei <'oti g'iname >epaggelmat'iec tupogr'afoi ka`i <'oti mporo~ume n`a pet~ame dexi`a ka`i >arister`a st`o qart`i pl'agia, kalligrafik`a ka`i >'entona? ap'anthsh e>~inai: ((>'Oqi!)) O~inai gi`a n`a fti'aqnoume full'adec m`e t'itlouc {\tengs D'agkws'e me}, {\tengs Arpaqt'h}, k.lp. T`o {\rm\TeX} e>~inai m'allon gi`a sobar'wtera >'entupa. M'alista, j`a diapist'wsoume <'oti kaj`wc maja'inoume t`o {\rm\TeX}, maja'inoume ka`i >eme~ic n`a seb'omasje t`o >'entupo. >Epeid`h d`e p'anta exet'asoume 'ara kal'uterouc {\rm\TeX}n'itec. Pr~wta-pr~wta, p'anta pr`in xekin'hsoume t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia ent'upou j`a pr'epei n`a >afie\-r'w\-sou\-me l'igo qr'ono n`a skefjo~ume t`hn morf'h tou. Sun'hjwc, magem'enoi >ap`o t`hn d'unamh to~u {\rm\TeX}, xekin~ame t`o gr'ayimo to~u k'wdika qwr`ic n`a >exet'asoume t'i >epijumo~ume n`a l'aboume st`o qart'i. <'Omwc d`en j`a pr'epei n`a biaz'omasje. >Epipl'eon, >e`an skop'oc mac e>~inai n`a ~inai pr`in xekin'hsoume t`hn s'untaxh to~u k'wdika n`a sumbouleujo~ume <'enan >epaggelmat'ia sqediast`h bibl'iwn. A>ut`oc j`a m~ac d'wsei t`ic kat'allhlec epilog`h to~u e>'idouc, to~u t'upou ka`i to~u meg'ejouc t~wn grammatoseir~wn, k.lp. epilog`h t~wn grammatoseir~wn, t~wn t'upwn (>'orjia, pl'agia >`h >'entona) ka`i to~u meg'ejouc touc ($10\,\rm pt$, $12\,\rm pt$, k.lp.)\ >antikatoptr'izei t`o <'ufoc to~u keim'enou mac. Kat`a kan'ona, t`o ke'imeno gr'afetai m`e >'orjiouc en~w t`a pl'agia, k.lp.\ qrhsime'uoun gi`a e>idiko`uc skopo'uc. O'entonouc t'upouc >`h m`e kefala~ia. Meg'aloi qarakt~hrec qwr`ic >apol'hxeic t'upou {\sf sans serif} qrhsimopoio~untai ka`i gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia paidik~wn bibl'iwn po`u >epib'alletai n`a e>~inai >idia'itera emf'anis'h touc. St`on parak'atw p'inaka d'inontai merik`ec genik`ec 'orjia (anjrakik`h r'iza: {\rm CO$^{2-}_3$}. \cr & >`h qhmiko`i t'upoi & \cr \noalign{\smallskip} >'entona & t'itloi, >'emfash & {\tengb Kef.\ 3: >Asiatik`ec q~wrec} \cr & >`h 'emfash, Efhm.\ {\tengs `h t'itloi >ent'upwn & B'oloc, 31/12/1898, sel.\ 2\cr \noalign{\smallskip} pl'agia--kalligrafik`a & >'emfash, `h majhmatiko`i t'upoi & $\varepsilon = \epsilon \neq \rho = \varrho$ \cr \noalign{\smallskip} grafomhqan~hc & prosomo'iwsh grafomhqan~hc & {\tt if (a != b) then \lb\dots\rb } \cr & ka`i l'istec programm'atwn & \cr } % end halign epoq~hc t~hc grafomhqan~hc, <'otan o'allon tr'opo gi`a n`a k'anoun <'ena m'eroc to~u keim'enou n`a xeqwr'izei >ap`o t`o Ef'' <'oson t`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac prosf'erei >arketo`uc t'upouc stoiqe'iwn gi`a k'aje skop'o, mporo~ume n`a >apof'ugoume t`hn 'idio >'entupo n`a m`hn qrhsimopoio~ume d'uo diaforetiko`uc t'upouc stoiqe'iwn gi`a t`on >'idio skop'o. >E`an, gi`a par'adeigma, qrhsimopoio~ume pl'agiouc t'upouc gi`a >'emfash, t'ote d`en j`a pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume gi`a t`on >'idio skop`o pl'agia--kalligrafik`a stoiqe~ia >`h >'entona. Suqn'a, kaj`wc ent'upou m`e ephreasm'enoi >ap`o t`hn par'adosh ka`i to`uc kan'onec t~hc x'enhc tupograf'iac, ka`i kur'iwc t~hc >aggloamerikanik~hc. Gi`a par'adeigma, pollo`i qrhsimopoio~un t`a >agglik`a e>isagwgik`a {\rm``}\NB{}ka`i\NB{}{\rm''}, >ant`i t~wn 'Alloi p'ali >af'hnoun <'ena ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o >arister`o e>isagwgik`o ka`i pr`in t`o dexi'o, >epeid`h >'iswc >'etsi to`uc >'edeixe k'apote isagwgik'a, e>'ite st`hn 'ite st`hn dipl`h morf'h touc ({\rm``\NB{}''}), qrhsimopoio~untai m'onon isagwgik`a >ent`oc e>isa\-gwgi\-k~wn. >Ak'oma, t`a isagwgik'a, par'' <'oti moi'azoun t~wn gallik~wn, d`en >ako\-lou\-jo~un to`uc >'idiouc kan'onec stoiqeioj'ethshc. Pot`e d`en pr'epei n`a >af'hnoume ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o >arister`o e>isagwgik'o; paromo'iwc, d`en >af'hnoume ken`o di'asthma pr`in t`o dexi`o e>isagwgik'o, t`hn tele'ia, t`o k'omma, t`hn >'anw tele'ia, t`hn >'anw ka`i k'atw tele'ia, t`o >erwthmatik`o ka`i t`o jaumastik'o. Mporo~ume ant'ijesh m`e t`hn tupograf'ia >agglik~wn keim'enwn <'opou d`en >epitr'epontai ken`a diast'hmata isagwgik~wn s`e sq'esh m`e >'alla shme~ia st'ixhc, j`a pr'epei p'anta n`a >exet'azoume >e`an t`a >'alla shme~ia st'ixhc >apotelo~un m'eroc to~u keim'enou >ent`oc e>isagwgik~wn. Sunep~wc, >e`an t`o ke'imeno >ent`oc t~wn e>isagwgik~wn >apotele~i m'ia pl'hrh pr'otash, t'ote isagwgiko~u. ~inai >al'hjeia, kathgoro'umene, <'oti >apek'alesec t`on mhnut`h ((bl'aka))? \parskip=0pt --- >'Oqi, k.\ Pr'oedre! >Eg`w to~u e>~ipa: ((>'Etsi po`u sumperif'eresai j`a s`e pern~ane gi`a bl'aka.)) } \noindent T`o >'idio >isq'uei ka`i gi`a t`ic parenj'eseic; st`hn per'iptwsh m'iac pl'hrouc pr'otashc >ent`oc pa\-ren\-j'e\-sewn, isagwgik`a j`a pr'epei n`a t`a qrhsimopoio~ume m`e feid'w. >Ep'ishc m`e t`o m'etro j`a pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`a kefala~ia, t`a poll`a jaumastik'a, k.lp. Gi`a par'adeigma, d`en qrei'azetai n`a b'azoume tr'ia >`h ka`i periss'otera jaumastik`a gi`a n`a ton'isoume t`on jaumasm'o mac >`h t`hn >'ekplhx'h mac gi`a k'ati; <'ena ka`i m'onon <'ena jaumastik`o >arke~i! >Ak'oma ka`i t`a e>isagwgik`a gi`a l'exeic po`u qrhsimopoio~untai metaforik'a, suqn`a peritte'uoun. <'Oso gi`a t`a kefala~ia, j`a pr'epei n`a pros'exoume <'oti qrhsimopoio~untai m'onon st`hn >arq`h prot'asewn ka`i kur'iwn >onom'atwn. D`en qrei'azetai n`a mimo'umasje to`uc >Aggloamerik'anouc ka`i n`a gr'afoume <'olec t`ic l'exeic t~wn t'itlwn m`e kefala~ia. >'Etsi t`o swst`o e>~inai n`a gr'afoume: \vskip\baselineskip \centerline{{\tengb Kef.\NB{}2: T`o je'wrhma to~u Jal~h ka`i sqetik`a por'ismata}} \noindent >ant`i to~u lanjasm'enou: \vskip\baselineskip \centerline{{\tengb Kef.\NB{}2: T`o Je'wrhma to~u Jal~h ka`i Sqetik`a Por'ismata}} \noindent Beba'iwc, st`hn po'ihsh ~inai diaforetik'h; pol\-lo`i s'ugqronoi poiht`ec xekino~un k'aje st'iqo touc m`e <'ena kefala~io gr'amma. >Epeid`h o~htan >ekt`oc sumbatik~wn kan'onwn, j`a pr'epei n`a sebasjo~ume t`hn >'apoy'h touc. >Ak'oma ka`i t`ic apofe'ugoume st`o m'etro to~u dunato~u. Oapospo~un t`hn prosoq`h to~u >anagn'wsth >ap`o t`o k'urio ke'imeno ka`i, >epipl'eon, d'inoun t`hn >ent'upwsh <'oti 'eqei sugkrothm'enh sk'eyh! <'Ena shme~io >ak'oma po`u >apaite~i prosoq`h st`hn ~inai ap'o\-stro\-foc. >Arqik'a, t`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a xeqwr'izoume t`hn >ap'ostrofo >ap`o t`hn yil'h. ap'ostrofoc ('') lamb'anetai m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt'{}'} ka`i e>~inai k'apwc megal'uterh >ap`o t`hn yil`h (>) po`u lamb'anetai m`e t`on k'wdika\NB{\tt>}. >Ep'ishc, <'opou metax`u d'uo l'exewn parousi'azetai >'ekjliyh (p.q., ((j''\NB>ako'usete)){}) >`h >afa'iresh (p.q., ((mo~u ''fere)){}), t'ote met`a >`h pr`in t`hn >ap'ostrofo >ant'istoiqa, paremb'aletai p'anta <'ena ken`o di'asthma, dhl.\ oep'anw st`hn >'allh. T`o >ant'ijeto >isq'uei st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn ka`i gallik~wn keim'enwn, p.q. (({\rm$\,$C'est par l\`a qu'il s'est envol\'e$\,$!}$\,$)) J`a kle'isoume `h n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume t`a dik`a mac ke'imena m`e t`o <'ena >`h t`o >'allo s'usthma e>~inai dik'h mac >epilog'h. <'Omwc <'otan paraj'etoume st`o >'entup'o mac d'aneia qwr'ia >'allwn suggraf'ewn j`a pr'epei n`a seb'omasje t`hn dik'h touc >epilog'h, dhl.\ t`hn >emf'anish to~u prwtot'upou >ap`o <'opou t`a >antigr'afoume. >'Etsi ka`i t`a >arqa~ia orjograf'ia. Gi`a par'adeigma, st`hn kajare'uousa en~w st`o polutonik`o s'usthma t~hc dhmotik~hc to~u Triantafull'idh g'inetai: {\tengs gl'wssa\/}! \subsection{'idame p~wc mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. E>'idame gi`a par'adeigma <'oti epim'enei n`a j'elei n`a sumbol'isei t`o ut`o ka`i merik`a >ak'oma probl'hmata po`u sunant~a kane`ic kaj`wc stoiqeiojete~i exet'asoume s`e 'ukolh l'ush st`o pr'oblhma to~u majhmatiko~u sumb'olou ((hm)) e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume <'ena {\tt\\hbox} >ent`oc t~wn majhmatik~wn. >'Etsi ut`h ~inai 'omorfh, giat`i t`a diast'hmata po`u b'azei t`o {\rm \TeX} g'urw >ap`o t`ic l'exeic--s'umbola ((hm)) ka`i ((sun)) d`en e>~inai swst'a (par'' <'oti a>ut`o mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai ka`i t'oso >emfan`ec). Gi`a n`a l'aboume swst`a diast'hmata, j`a pr'epei n`a el'egqou po`u >antiproswpe'uoun e>idik`ec majhmatik`ec sunart'hseic ka`i t`ic ut`o g'inetai m`e t`hn bo'hjeia t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt\\mathop}.\TeXref{361} P.q., m`e {\tt\\def\\grsin\lb\\mathop\lb\\hbox\lb\\tengr hm\rb\rb\\nolimits\rb} >'eqoume el'egqou {\tt\\nolimits} shma'inei p`wc t`o s'umbolo ((hm)) d`en >'eqei >'anw >`h/ka`i k'atw <'orio, s`e >ant'ijesh m`e >'alla (p.q., $\lim$, $\max$, k.>'a.)\ po`u mporo~un n`a >'eqoun.\TeXref{144} Paromo'iwc mporo~ume n`a ant'istoiqh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`o ((sun)). ut`oc d'inei: \def\grsin{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr hm}}\nolimits} \def\grcos{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr sun}}\nolimits} $$ \grcos ^2 \pi = \grsin ^2 (\pi / 2) = 1 $$ <'Ena >ak'oma pr'oblhma po`u mpore~i n`a >antimetwp'isoume kaj`wc stoiqeiojeto~ume <'ena ~inai Aggloamerik'anouc, e`an gr'ayoume {\tt\$e = 2.718\\ldots\$}, t`o {\rm\TeX} --- s`an gn'hsio >Amerikan'aki --- j`a m~ac t`o stoiqeiojet'hsei qwr`ic kan'ena pr'oblhma: $ e = 2.718\ldots$ >E`an gr'ayoume <'omwc {\tt\$e = 2,718\\ldots\$}, t'ote j`a l'aboume <'ena mikr`o ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o k'omma: $e = 2,718\ldots$\space\ Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume a>ut`o t`o pr'oblhma, j`a pr'epei st`on k'wdika n`a b'aloume t`o k'omma metax`u d'uo >agkul~wn, dhl.\ gr'afoume {\tt\$e = 2\lb,\rb718\\ldots\$} gi`a n`a l'aboume $e = 2{,}718\ldots$ St`o kef'alaio 7 e>'idame >ak'oma <'oti <'ola t`a s'umbola metablht~wn st`a majhmatik`a stoiqeiojeto~untai m`e pl'agiouc--kalligrafiko`uc qarakt~hrec, >'etsi <'wste, p.q., n`a m`hn g'inetai s'ugqush metax`u ginom'enwn ka`i kanoniko~u m`h majhmatiko~u keim'enou. <'Omwc t`a kefala~ia 'oqi to~u \greektex) po`u kale~itai m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\mit}. Gr'afontac loip'on, {\tt\$\\widehat\lb AB\lb\\mit \\Gamma\rb\rb = \\pi / 2\$}, lamb'anoume: $\widehat{AB{\mit\Gamma}} = \pi / 2$. \toindex{mit} Pr`in kle'isoume ax'izei n`a >anaferjo~ume s`e <'ena >ap`o t`a pi`o suqn`a l'ajh po`u k'anoun oapokalo~un t`o s'umbolo t~hc merik~hc parag'wgou ((j~hta))! St`hn pragmatik'othta, t`o s'umbolo a>ut`o e>~inai m'ia kalligrafik`h morf`h to~u la\-ti\-ni\-ko~u {\rm d} ka`i >'oqi t`o kalligrafik`o j~hta. >Arke~i n`a dokim'asoume t`on >ak'oloujo k'wdika {\tt\$\\partial \\neq \\vartheta\$} gi`a n`a >antilhfjo~ume t`hn diafor'a: $\partial \neq \vartheta$\null. >Afo~u loip`on t`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac t`o >epitr'epei, >`ac gr'afoume swst`a t`hn merik`h par'agwgo. \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: %%% \efptm = tan (in Greek: >efaptom'enh) %%% \sfptm = cot (in Greek: sunefaptom'enh) \def\efptm{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr ef}}\nolimits} \def\sfptm{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr sf}}\nolimits} $\efptm^2 (\pi / 6) = \sfptm^{-2} (\pi / 6) = 0{,}33333\ldots $ \exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo 'Estw k'wnou >isoskelo~uc b'asic ic a>ut`on e>uje'ia ap`o t~hc koruf~hc >ep`i t`a $A$, $\mit \Gamma$ >epeze'uqjwsan a'ellas'on >estin t~hc >epifane'iac t~hc kwnik~hc t~hc metax`u t~wn $A\mit \Delta\Gamma$. (>Arqim'hdhc, {\tengs Per`i sfa'irac ka`i kul'indrou}, bibl'io A$'$,\NB{}j) } % end narrower \subsection{Mikr`oc >ep'ilogoc gi`a >ep'idoxouc stoiqeioj'etec} ~inai e>'ukolh >ergas'ia. >Ak'oma ka`i m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} poll`ec for`ec j`a qrei\-a\-sje~i n`a paideuto~ume prokeim'enou n`a l'aboume <'ena a>isjhtik`a 'entupo. Poll`ec for`ec j`a qreiasje~i n`a pa'ixoume m`e 'allec for`ec j`a pr'epei n`a bo\-h\-j'h\-soume t`o pr'ogramma st`on sullabism'o (e>idik`a <'otan t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en gnwr'izei p~wc n`a sullab'isei 'allec for`ec j`a pr'epei n`a y'axoume t`ic a>it'iec po`u d`en m~ac d'inei a>ut`o po`u to~u zht~ame (m'hpwc xeq'asame m'ia >agk'ulh >`h <'ena {\tt \\par}?)\null. Qrei'azetai epimon'h. T`a parak'atw l'ogia to~u poiht~h Nt'inou Qristian'opoulou >`ac d'inoun kour'agio s''\NB{}a>uto`uc po`u >agapo~un t`o >'entupo: {\narrower <'Otan ni'wseic p`wc >~hrje pi`a afo~u >'eqeic pn'ixei pali'otera poll`ec par'omoiec >epijum'iec ka`i d`e shk'wnei >'allh >anabol'h --- kajar'ograye t`a poi'hmat'a sou s`e <'ena tetr'adio, dane'isou merik`a qili'arika ka`i parak'alese t`on f'ilo sou n`a s`e bohj'hsei st`hn >'ekdosh. Spouda~io pr'ama n`a >'eqeic d'ipla sou <'enan >'anjrwpo s`e mi`a t'etoia stigm'h. >Eg'w, <'otan prwtoxek'inhsa m'onoc ki >'apeiroc, p~hga s`e <'ena tupografe~io, m`e x'afrisan gi`a kal`a ka`i st`o t'eloc mo~u t'upwsan mi`a >ahd'ia. >Arg'otera kat'alaba <'oti t`o bibl'io j'elei arqitektonik'h. D`en e>~inai m'ono po`u pr'epei n`a dial'exeic tupografe~io, qart'i, sq~hma, gr'ammata, di'ataxh; e>~inai prop'antwn oag'wnac m`e t`a tupografik`a l'ajh. Pr'epei n`a e>ugnwmone~ic t`o f'ilo sou po`u s`a qam'alhc >an'elabe <'olec t`ic diorj'wseic ka`i n`a m`hn paraponi'esai p`wc to~u x'efugan du`o laj'akia. } % end narrower \medskip\leftline{\null\hskip 2.25in \setbox1=\hbox{>Ekd.\ Diagwn'iou, Jessalon'ikh 1991, sel.\ 90--101.} \vbox{% \hbox to \wd1 {\hfil Nt'inoc Qristian'opouloc \hfil} \hbox to \wd1 {\hfil ((Sumboul`ec s'' <'ena n'eo koum'asi)), {\tengs akolouji~wn >el'egqou} Parak'atw d'inontai <'olec oentol'ec (>akolouj'iec >el'egqou: s'umbola ka`i l'exeic >el'egqou) po`u parousi'asjhkan st`o >egqeir'idio a>ut'o. Gi`a periss'oterec leptom'ereiec, sumbouleuje~ite ka`i t`on >ant'istoiqo jematik`o kat'alogo to~u {\sl \TeX book}. \vskip 2\baselineskip \centerline{{\tengb S'umbola >el'egqou}} \vskip\baselineskip \settabs \+ \hskip 1.5 in & \hskip 1.3in & \hskip 1.65in & \cr {\tt \+ \\\sp{} 4, 41 & \\!\ 41 & \\" 12 & \\' 12 \cr \+ \\, 41, 47 & \\.\ 12 & \\/ 18 & \\; 41 \cr \+ \\= 12 & \\> 41 & \\\# 11 & \\\$ 7, 11, 13 \cr \+ \\\% 7, 11 & \\\& 11 & \\\char '173{} 11 & \\\char '175{} 11 \cr \+ \\\underbar{ } 11 & \\` 12 & \\{\accent "7E} 11 & \\{\accent 94} 11, 12 \cr \+ \\| 44, 49 \cr } \vskip 2\baselineskip \centerline{{\tengb L'exeic >el'egqou}} \vskip\baselineskip {\tt \+ \\AA 13 & \\aa 13 & \\acute 43 & \\AE 13 \cr \+ \\ae 13 & \\aleph 44 & \\alpha 42 & \\angle 44 \cr \+ \\approx 44 & \\arccos 49 & \\arcsin 49 & \\arctan 49 \cr \+ \\arg 49 & \\ast 43 & \\b 13 & \\backslash 44 \cr \+ \\bar 43 & \\baselineskip 25 & \\begingreek 93 &\\beta 42 \cr \+ \\bf 17 & \\Biggl 48 & \\biggl 48 & \\Biggr 48 \cr \+ \\biggr 48 & \\Bigl 48 & \\bigl 48 & \\Bigr 48 \cr \+ \\bigr 48 & \\bigskip 29 & \\break 29 & \\breve 43 \cr \+ \\bullet 43 & \\bye 4 & \\c 12 & \\cal 17, 45 \cr \+ \\cap 43 & \\catcode 91 & \\cdot 43 & \\cdots 43 \cr \+ \\centerline 29 & \\centreline 70 & \\char 96 & \\check 43 \cr \+ \\chi 42 & \\circ 43 & \\columns 56 & \\cos 49 \cr \+ \\cosh 49 & \\cot 49 & \\coth 49 & \\csc 49 \cr \+ \\cup 43 & \\d 13 & \\dag 31 & \\ddag 31 \cr \+ \\ddot 43 & \\def 64 & \\deg 49 & \\Delta 42 \cr \+ \\delta 42 & \\det 49 & \\diamond 43 & \\digamma 96 \cr \+ \\dim 49 & \\display 94 & \\div 43 & \\dot 43 \cr \+ \\dotfill 58 & \\dots 15 & \\Downarrow 49 & \\downarrow 49 \cr \+ \\eject 22 & \\ell 44 & \\enddisplay 94 & \\endgreek 93 \cr \+ \\endinsert 28 & \\epsilon 42 & \\eqalign 54 & \\eqalignno 54 \cr \+ \\eqno 54 & \\equiv 44 & \\eta 42 & \\exists 44 \cr \+ \\exp 49 & \\flat 44 & \\folio 32 & \\font 18 \cr \+ \\footline 32 & \\footnote 31 & \\forall 44 & \\Gamma 42 \cr \+ \\gamma 42 & \\gcd 49 & \\geq 44 & \\gr 93 \cr \+ \\grave 43 & \\greekdelims 94 & \\H 13 & \\halign 60 \cr \+ \\hang 26 & \\hangafter 26 & \\hangindent 26 & \\hat 43 \cr \+ \\hbadness 33 & \\hbox 83 & \\headline 32 & \\hfil 30 \cr \+ \\hfill 29, 57 & \\hfuzz 34 & \\hoffset 23 & \\hom 49 \cr \+ \\hrule 81 & \\hrulefill 58 & \\hsize 22 & \\hskip 30 \cr \+ \\hyphenation 34 & \\i 12 & \\Im 44 & \\in 44 \cr \+ \\inf 49 & \\infty 44 & \\input 78 & \\int 46 \cr \+ \\iota 42 & \\it 17 & \\item 27 & \\itemitem 27 \cr \+ \\j 12 & \\kappa 42 & \\ker 49 & \\Koppa 96 \cr \+ \\koppa 96 & \\L 13 & \\l 13 & \\Lambda 42 \cr \+ \\lambda 42 & \\langle 49 & \\lceil 49 & \\ldots 43 \cr \+ \\left 52 & \\leftline 29 & \\leftskip 25 & \\leq 44 \cr \+ \\leqalignno 55 & \\leqno 54 & \\let 70 & \\lfloor 49 \cr \+ \\lg 49 & \\lim 46, 49 & \\liminf 49 & \\limsup 49 \cr \+ \\line 29 & \\ln 49 & \\log 49 & \\lower 87 \cr \+ \\magnification 23 & \\magstep 18 & \\math 94 & \\mathop 100 \cr \+ \\matrix 52 & \\max 49 & \\medskip 29 & \\min 49 \cr \+ \\mit 101 & \\moveleft 87 & \\moveright 62, 87 & \\mu 42 \cr \+ \\nabla 44 & \\narrower 25 & \\natural 44 & \\neg 44 \cr \+ \\ni 44 & \\noalign 61 & \\noindent 25 & \\nolimits 100 \cr \+ \\nopagenumbers 6 & \\not 43 & \\nu 42 & \\null 16 \cr \+ \\O 13 & \\o 13 & \\obeylines 30 & \\odot 43 \cr \+ \\OE 13 & \\oe 13 & \\offinterlineskip 62 & \\Omega 42 \cr \+ \\omega 42 & \\ominus 43 & \\oplus 43 & \\otimes 43 \cr \+ \\over 45 & \\overfullrule 34 & \\overline 47 & \\P 31 \cr \+ \\pageno 32 & \\par 9 & \\parallel 44 & \\parindent 25 \cr \+ \\parshape 27 & \\parskip 25 & \\partial 44 & \\perp 44 \cr \+ \\Phi 42 & \\phi 42 & \\Pi 42 & \\pi 42 \cr \+ \\pmatrix 51 & \\Pr 49 & \\proclaim 50 & \\Psi 42 \cr \+ \\psi 42 & \\qquad 41 & \\quad 41 & \\raggedright 30 \cr \+ \\raise 87 & \\rangle 49 & \\rceil 49 & \\Re 44 \cr \+ \\rfloor 49 & \\rho 42 & \\right 52 & \\rightline 29 \cr \+ \\rightskip 25 & \\rm 17 & \\root 47 & \\S 31 \cr \+ \\sampi 96 & scaled 18 & \\sec 49 & \\settabs 56 \cr \+ \\sharp 44 & \\Sigma 42 & \\sigma 42 & \\sim 44 \cr \+ \\simeq 44 & \\sin 49 & \\sinh 49 & \\sl 17 \cr \+ \\smallskip 29 & \\sqrt 47 & \\ss 13 & \\star 43 \cr \+ \\stigma 96 & \\strut 59 & \\subset 44 & \\subseteq 44 \cr \+ \\sum 46 & \\sup 49 & \\supset 44 & \\supseteq 44 \cr \+ \\surd 47 & \\t 13 & \\tan 49 & \\tanh 49 \cr \+ \\tau 42 & \\tensor 70 & \\TeX 4 & \\the 32 \cr \+ \\Theta 42 & \\theta 42 & \\tilde 43 & \\times 43 \cr \+ \\to 45 & \\tolerance 34 & \\topinsert 28 & \\tt 17 \cr \+ \\u 13 & \\underbar 48 & \\underline 47 & \\Uparrow 49 \cr \+ \\uparrow 49 & \\Updownarrow 49 & \\updownarrow 49 & \\Upsilon 42 \cr \+ \\upsilon 42 & \\v 13 & \\varepsilon 42 & \\varkoppa 96 \cr \+ \\varphi 42 & \\varrho 42 & \\varsigma 42 & \\vartheta 42 \cr \+ \\vbadness 35 & \\vbox 84 & \\vec 43 & \\vee 43 \cr \+ \\vfill 22 & \\vglue 28 & \\voffset 23 & \\vrule 82 \cr \+ \\vsize 23 & \\vtop 86 & \\wedge 43 & \\widehat 43 \cr \+ \\widetilde 43 & \\Xi 42 & \\xi 42 & \\zeta 42 \cr } \ifwritinganswers \let\next=\relax \else \let\next=\endinput \datestamp \fi \next \def\beginliteral{ \vskip\baselineskip \begingroup \obeylines \tt \catcode`\@=0\catcode`\~=12 \catcode`\$=12\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\^=12\catcode`\#=12 \catcode`\_=12\catcode`\=12 \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf} \catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\%=12\catcode`\\=12 } \def\endliteral{\nobreak \vskip 6pt \endgroup} \section{D~ws'' mou t`o q'eri sou} Parak'atw d'inontai oask'hsewn. Poll`ec >ap`o a>ut`ec t`ic >ask'hseic l'unontai m`e diaf'orouc tr'opouc. >E`an protim~ate t`on dik'o sac tr'opo, t'ote m`hn dist'azete n`a t`on qrhsimopoi'hsete --- >arke~i t`o >apot'elesma n`a s~ac x$. @endliteral $(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral ${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c}\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+ {1\over b}+{1\over c}$. @endliteral ${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c}\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+ {1\over b}+{1\over c}$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over \partial y} f(x,y) = 0$? @endliteral What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over \partial y} f(x,y) = 0$? \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 \quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. @endliteral $e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 \quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2}+ {\partial^2 f \over \partial y^2}$. @endliteral $\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2}+ {\partial^2 f \over \partial y^2}$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. @endliteral $\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. @endliteral The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. @endliteral $\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. @endliteral $\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. @endliteral $\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. @endliteral $\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. @endliteral $\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. @endliteral $\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil \bigr \rfloor$. @endliteral $\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil \bigr \rfloor$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta \quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. @endliteral $\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta \quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C \qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 \qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ @endliteral $$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C \qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 \qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ @endliteral $$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral \proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. @endliteral \proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral \proclaim Proposition 1. $\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq {1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. @endliteral \proclaim Proposition 1. $\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq {1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ 1 &0 &0 &0 \cr 0 &1 &0 &0 \cr 0 &0 &1 &0 \cr 0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ @endliteral $$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ 1 &0 &0 &0 \cr 0 &1 &0 &0 \cr 0 &0 &1 &0 \cr 0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral $$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ x & x \ge 0 \cr -x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ @endliteral $$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ x & x \ge 0 \cr -x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral \settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr \+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr \+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr \+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr \+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr \+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr \+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr \+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr \+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr \+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr \+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr \+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr \+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr @endliteral \settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr \+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr \+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr \+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr \+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr \+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr \+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr \+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr \+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr \+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr \+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr \+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr \+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral \settabs \+ \hskip 4.5 in & \cr \+Getting Started \dotfill &1 \cr \+All Characters Great and Small \dotfill &9 \cr @endliteral \settabs \+ \hskip 4.5 in & \cr \+Getting Started \dotfill &1 \cr \+All Characters Great and Small \dotfill &9 \cr \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral \settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr \moveright 2 in \vbox{ \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm } @endliteral \settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr \moveright 2 in \vbox{ \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm \+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm \cr \hrule width 3 cm } \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral \def\boxtext#1{% \vbox{% \hrule \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% \hrule }% } \moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip \hbox{\boxtext{6}\boxtext{1}\boxtext {8}} \hbox{\boxtext{7}\boxtext{5}\boxtext{3}} \hbox{\boxtext{2}\boxtext{9}\boxtext{4}} } @endliteral \def\boxtext#1{% \vbox{% \hrule \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% \hrule }% } \moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip \hbox{\boxtext 6\boxtext 1\boxtext 8} \hbox{\boxtext 7\boxtext 5\boxtext 3} \hbox{\boxtext 2\boxtext 9\boxtext 4} } \vskip \baselineskip \hrule \goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule \beginliteral {\leftskip=2in\obeylines\tengr \qquad n'oon d`e \digamma a'utw p'ampan >a'errei } @endliteral {\leftskip=2in\obeylines\tengr \qquad n'oon d`e \digamma a'utw p'ampan >a'errei } \endgroup % end raggedright \datestamp \bye